[Be-Gen] [Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database] CAROLINE STAPPERS (NICC) – SABINE DE MOOR (UGent) – INES GALLALA (VUB) – BERTRAND RENARD (NICC) Choose an item. Project BR/132/A4/Be-Gen - Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database NETWORK PROJECT [Be-Gen] [Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database] Contract - BR/132/A4 FINAL REPORT (January 2019) PROMOTORS: BERTRAND RENARD (NICC) - Coordinator TOM VANDER BEKEN (UGent) PAUL DE HERT (VUB) AUTHORS: CAROLINE STAPPERS (NICC) SABINE DE MOOR (UGent) INES GALLALA (VUB) PAULINE PRAILE (NICC) PIA STRUYF (UGent) BRAIN -be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 2 Project BR/132/A4/Be-Gen - Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database D/XXXX/XXXX/XX (to complete by Belspo) Published in 2019 by the Belgian Science Policy Avenue Louise 231 Louizalaan 231 B-1050 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 11 - Fax: +32 (0)2 230 59 12 http://www.belspo.be http://www.belspo.be/brain-be Contact person: XXXXXXXX Tel: +32 (0)2 238 3X XX Neither the Belgian Science Policy nor any person acting on behalf of the Belgian Science Policy is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The authors are responsible for the content. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without indicating the reference: Renard, B., Vander Beken, T., De Hert P., Stappers, C., De Moor S., Gallala I., Praile, P. & Struyf, P. Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database. Final Report. Brussels: Belgian Science Policy 2019 – 147 p. (BRAIN-be - Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks). BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 3 Project BR/132/A4/Be-Gen - Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF FIGURES 6 ABSTRACT 7 CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................................................. 7 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1. INTRODUCTION 9 2. STATE OF THE ART AND OBJECTIVES 11 2.1 FORENSIC DNA AT THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL (WP1) ..................................................................... 11 2.2 FORENSIC DNA AT THE STRAGIC LEVEL (WP2) ................................................................................ 18 2.3 FORENSIC DNA AT THE POLITICAL LEVEL (WP3) ............................................................................. 22 3. METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 ACCES TO DATA ....................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 OBSERVATIONS AND EXPLANATORY INTERVIEWS ....................................................................... 27 3.3 NETWORK MANAGAMENT AND FOLLOW-UP COMMITTEE ........................................................... 28 4. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29 4.1 NORMATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................ 29 4.2 SECURITY POLICIES IN BELGIUM REGARDING DNA ....................................................................... 30 4.3 COMPARATIVE LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK REGARDING DNA ....................................... 39 4.4 THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA AND CRIME SCENE WORKERS .................................................... 61 4.5 FORENSIC DNA IN THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ........................................................................ 66 4.6 FORENSIC DNA AND OFFENDERS ........................................................................................................ 79 4.7 FORENSIC DNA IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ......................................................................................... 80 4.8 EFFECTIVENESS OF DNA DATABASES ................................................................................................ 94 4.9 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 102 4.10 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 102 5. DISSEMINATION AND VALORISATION 110 5.1 SPECIFIC EVENTS OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................... 110 5.2 SPECIFIC NETWORKS ............................................................................................................................ 111 5.3 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS ......................................................................................................... 112 5.4 PHD DISSERTATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 115 6. PUBLICATIONS 116 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 ANNEXES 129 A. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 139 B. GROUP DISCUSSIONS AS A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................... 139 C. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION MEETS GROUP ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 140 D. RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 143 4 Project BR/132/A4/Be-Gen - Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Structure of hybrid focus group analysis ...........................................................36 Table 2: Comparison of Legal Frameworks ......................................................................46 Table 3: Comparison of procedural provisions ................................................................50 Table 4: Comparison of conservation periods .................................................................52 Table 5: Comparison of databases ...................................................................................55 Table 6: Comparison of quality guarantees......................................................................56 Table 7: Comparison of Coercion Possibilities ................................................................58 Table 8: Comparison of Marper Compliance ....................................................................60 Table 9: Comparison of Analysis-susceptible DNA markers ..........................................60 Table 10: Studied cases by judicial district and type of crime ........................................68 Table 11: Amount of collected traces against amount of requests to analyse a trace per type of trace .................................................................................................................70 Table 12: Amount of obtained profiles per type of profile ...............................................76 Table 13: Type of profile per type of trace ........................................................................77 Table 14: Description of the three datasets under study.................................................89 Table 15: Jaccard similarities between edges present in the three different datasets .89 Table 16: Temporal and spatial spread of the three datasets under study ....................90 Table 17: Characteristics of the real-world network and the real-reduced network ......92 Table 18: Degree of real-world network and reduced networks ......................................93 Table 19: Betweenness of real-world network and reduced networks ...........................93 Table 20: Summary of included studies ...........................................................................99 5 Project BR/132/A4/Be-Gen - Understanding the operational, strategic, and political implications of the National Genetic Database LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Fictitious example of eight recorded crimes ....................................................20 Figure 2: Actors involved in the forensic DNA process (De Moor, 2018) .......................28 Figure 3: Selection mechanisms and actors involved, from collection to storage of forensic DNA in the NGDB .................................................................................................82 Figure 4: Lorenz curve for the police dataset and DNA dataset .....................................84 Figure 5: Rank order crime rates in 27 judicial districts in the police dataset plotted against rank order in the DNA dataset