People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mostéfa Benboulaïd Batna 2 University Faculty of Letters and Foreign Languages Department of English The Use of Critical Discourse Analysis to Inquire into Cross-Cultural Perceptions and Attitudes of LMD Students of English as a Foreign Language at Batna 2 University, Algeria. BA, MA Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of LMD Doctorate in Applied Linguistics Submitted by: Supervised by: Djelloul NEDJAI Prof. Amor GHOUAR Board of Examiners Chairman Pr. Hachemi ABOUBOU MostéfaBenboulaïd Batna 2 University Supervisor Pr. Amor GHOUAR MostéfaBenboulaïd Batna 2 University Examiner Pr. Amel BAHLOUL MostéfaBenboulaïd Batna 2 University Examiner Pr. Abdelhak NEMOUCHI Larbi Ben M’Hidi O.E.B University Examiner Dr. Ahmed Chaouki HOADJLI Mohamed Khider Biskra University 2018 -2019 DEDICACY To all those who strive for knowledge i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This humble work is a unique opportunity to pay tribute to: My supervisor Prof. Amor Ghouar for his invaluable guidance and support, My father, Prof. Med-Salah NEDJAI whom I admire silently, My mother for her permanent care and understanding, and my family, Dr. Radia GUERZA who refined my perception of academic work, and All the teachers who contributed to my education and instruction ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICACY .................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ iii LISTE OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... x LISTE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction: Background, Purpose and Main Issues ............................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 7 1.3. Research Question .................................................................................................. 8 1.4. Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 11 1.5. Definition of Terms .............................................................................................. 12 1.5.1. Attitudes ........................................................................................................ 13 1.5.2. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ................................................................ 13 1.5.3. Cross-cultural Attitudes ................................................................................. 13 1.5.4. Cross-cultural ................................................................................................ 14 1.5.5. Cross-cultural Perceptions.............................................................................. 14 1.5.6. Cross-cultural Studies .................................................................................... 14 1.5.7. Culture ........................................................................................................... 15 1.5.8. Intercultural ................................................................................................... 15 1.5.9. Perceptions .................................................................................................... 15 iii 1.6. Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 15 1.7. Limitations of the Study ....................................................................................... 16 1.8. Delimitations of the Study .................................................................................... 18 1.9. Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 20 1.10. Conclusion: Organization of the Study ................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................... 22 Review of Related Literature ....................................................................................... 22 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 22 2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ....................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Defining Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................. 23 2.1.2. A Brief History of CDA ................................................................................. 27 2.1.3. Evolution and Development of CDA .............................................................. 29 2.1.4. Critical Linguistics (CL) ................................................................................ 33 2.1.5. Halliday’s Theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) ......................... 35 2.1.6. Models of CDA ............................................................................................. 37 2.1.6.1. Fairclough’s model.................................................................................. 37 2.1.6.2. The socio-cognitive model ...................................................................... 42 2.1.6.3. Wodak’s model of discourse sociolinguistics........................................... 45 2.1.7. Aspects of CDA ............................................................................................. 47 2.1.7.1. Language as discourse ............................................................................. 47 2.1.7.2. Macro vs. micro in CDA. ........................................................................ 49 2.1.7.3. Text analysis and discourse interpretation. .............................................. 50 2.1.8. Approaches to Studying Classroom Discourse ............................................... 52 iv 2.1.8.1. Discourse analysis approaches................................................................. 52 2.1.8.2. Conversation analysis approaches. .......................................................... 52 2.1.8.3. Interaction analysis approaches. .............................................................. 53 2.2. Cross-cultural Studies ........................................................................................... 54 2.2.1. Defining Cross-cultural Studies...................................................................... 54 2.2.2. Cross-cultural Research ................................................................................. 56 2.2.3. Cross-cultural Teaching and Learning ............................................................ 59 2.3. Perceptions and Attitudes ..................................................................................... 62 2.3.1. Defining Perceptions ...................................................................................... 63 2.3.1.1. The stages of the perception process. ....................................................... 63 2.3.1.1.1. Selection (stimulation). ..................................................................... 63 2.3.1.1.2. Organisation. .................................................................................... 65 2.3.1.1.3. Interpretation. ................................................................................... 65 2.3.1.2. Attribution theory. ................................................................................... 65 2.3.1.3. Language, culture, and perception. .......................................................... 66 2.3.1.4. Effect of culture on the perception process. ............................................. 67 2.3.2. Defining Attitudes.......................................................................................... 69 2.3.2.1. Formation and construction of attitudes. .................................................. 70 2.3.2.2. Changing attitudes. .................................................................................. 70 2.3.2.3. Attitudes, language, and cultural learning. ............................................... 71 2.4. Language and Culture ........................................................................................... 72 2.4.1. Understanding Language ............................................................................... 73 v 2.4.1.1. Language as code. ................................................................................... 73 2.4.1.2. Language as social practice. .................................................................... 73 2.4.2. The Meaning of Culture ................................................................................. 74 2.4.2.1. Culture as an individual construct. ........................................................... 74 2.4.2.2. Culture as a social