T.C. ANAKKALE ONSEK 1 MART N VERS TES SOSYAL B L MLER ENST TS BAT2 D LLER VE EDEB YATLAR2 ANAB L M DAL2 N/ L 1 D L VE EDEB YAT2 B L M DAL2 MECHAN2SMS OF RE3RESS2ON 2N DYSTO32AN SC2ENCE F2CT2ON: FAHRENHEIT 451 AND NEUROMANCER Y'(se( Lisans Te)i Ha)+ layan Ay eg'l M RO L. EL/ N Te) Dan+ man+ Y d. Do0. D . Dile( KANTAR Bu çalsma, anakkale Onsekiz Mart niveristesi Bilimsel Ara trma Projeleri kapsamnda desteklenmi tir. ana((ale 4 2017 i ABSTRA T M RO LU ELG N, Ay eg'l. Mechanisms of Repression in Dystopian Science Fiction: Fahrenheit 451 and Neuromancer , MA Thesis, *anakkale, 20.5. Louis Althusser who is a Mar0ist thinker argues the totalitarian state systems and how they govern the states by using Ideological and Repressive State Apparatuses Ray 1radbury2s Fahrenheit 451 and 3illiam -ibson2s Neuromancer are two dystopian science fiction novels that discuss the oppression and repression of the state in technologically advanced societies 4owever, the citizens of the novels live in poor conditions and they have to obey the rules of the state and corporations in order to survive In the novels, the states not only repress the citizens but also decide how the citizens have to live and think In this MA thesis the effects of repression, oppression and virtualization in Neuromancer and Fahrenheit 451 will be analyzed in respect to Louis Althusser2s theory on Ideological and Repressive State Apparatuses In this respect, the study will be a contribution to this field within the conte0t of Althusserian reading of 1radbury and -ibson2s novels 0ey1ords: Althusser, Ray 1radbury2s Fahrenheit 451 , 3illiam -ibson2s Neuromancer, Ideological State Apparatuses, Repressive State Apparatuses, Cyberpunk, 7osthumanity ii 23ET Marksist bir dü ünür olan Louis Althusser totaliter devlet sistemlerini ve bu devletlerin deolojik ve Bask c Devlet D"zeneklerini kullanarak nasl devletleri ynettiklerini ele alr Ray 1radbury2nin Fahrenheit 451 2i ve 3illiam -ibson2nn Neuromancer 2 teknolo8ik olarak geli mi toplumlarda devletin bask ve zulmünü inceleyen iki distopik bilimkurgu romandr 9akat romanlarn vatanda lar ktü ko ullarda ya arlar ve hayatta kalabilmek için devletin ve irketlerin kurallarna uymak zorundadrlar Romanlarda devlet vatanda larn basklamakla kalmaz ayn zamanda vatanda larnn nasl ya amas ve dü ünmesi gerekti ine de karar verir 1u Yüksek Lisans tezinde Louis Althusser2in teorisi olan deolojik ve Bask c Devlet D"zenekleri 2ne nazaran Neuromancer ve Fahrenheit 451 2deki bask, zulüm ve sanalla trmann etkileri incelenecektir Althusserci bak açs çerçevesinde 1radbury ve -ibson2nn romanlarn incelemesi ynüyle bu tez çal ma sahasna katkda bulunacaktr Anahtar 0elimeler: Althusser, Ray 1radbury :9ahrenheit 451“, 3illiam -ibson :.euromancer“, deolo8ik Devlet Düzenekleri, 1askc Devlet Düzenekleri, Siberpunk, 7ost-insanlk iii FORE4ORD I am very grateful to the people who helped me in the development of this thesis: my supervisor, Assist 7rof Dilek KA.TAR and my committee members, Assist 7rof Azer 1anu K,MALO LU and Assist 7rof Yldz TUR-UT I appreciate your assistance as your help made me achieve my work into its final form I would also like to thank my parents and my husband, sa ,L- ., for their emotional support during this process Ay egül M RO LU ,L- . iv DEDI ATION , im sa ,L- .2e ithafen v TABLE OF ONTENTS ABSTRA T .......................................................................................................................... i 23ET .................................................................................................................................... ii FORE4ORD.......................................................................................................................iii DEDI ATION ................................................................................................................. ...iv TABLE OF ONTENTS .................................................................................................... v INTRODU TION ............................................................................................................... HA7TER I RA8 BRADBURR8, FAHRENHEIT 45. , IDEOLOGI AL AND RE7RESSI:E STATE A77ARATUSES .... Repressive State Apparatuses ..................................................................................... 6 ..2. Ideological State Apparatuses .................................................................................. .2 ..3. From the Darkness of Dystopia To1ards the Light of Utopia ............................... 22 HA7TER II 4ILLIAM GIBSON, THE ANAL8SIS OF NEUROMAN ER, AND 8BER7UN0 2... yberpunk ................................................................................................................... 29 2.2. Ideological and Repressive Apparatuses in Neuromancer ..................................... 32 2.3. From Humanity to 7osthumanity@@@@@@@@@@@@@.....................3A 2.4. The Analysis of Artificial Intelligences: 4intermute and Neuromancer@@..4. ON LUSION...................................................................................................................4A BIBLIOGRA7H8..............................................................................................................5. 1 INTRODUCTION called in 1929 and that was the first step for the birth of science fiction. Mary Shelley (1797-1851), dgar Allan Poe (1809-849), Jules (erne (1828- 1905), and )erbert George Wells (1866-1946) are considered to be the precursors of science fiction. dgar Allan Poe revealed the wonders of science in his literary works. James and Mendlesohn e0emplify this in their book The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction 1 - to Eureka (1848), an e0traordinary poetic essay on the nature of the universe newly revealed by astronomical telescopes (James-Mendlesohn 2003:18). Another important writer who contributed to the development of science fiction is Jules (erne. )is novels were seriali3ed and as a result, his influence was felt both at home and abroad. Another pioneer of science fi )e was very conscious indeed of the necessity of replacing dreams as a means of e0ploring possible (James- Mendlesohn 2003:24). This was the reason why he wrote his famous book The Machine 1 Jules (erne and ). G. Wells introduced science fiction to the world. where no traditions of scientific romance had taken root before the importation of -Mendlesohn 2003:28). From 1926 to 1960 people started to read science fiction maga3ines. It was called the maga3ine era. The aim was to create a sense of science fiction as a distinctive genre. Moreover, science fiction appeared in different forms such as books, comics, movies, and radio plays. A lot of science fiction maga3ines were written but the first science fiction Amazing Stories. The aim of science fiction maga3ines was to convey ideas to a larger public. Readers were educated by reading the developments about science and technology. Thus, people started to think more about the future of science and technology. As a result, 2 Science fiction deals with the utopias and the dystopias. 8topias are based on the concept of an ideal country. Writers have worked on the idea of how to create a society in which everybody is equal, proper and happy. On the contrary, dystopia describes a world which is feared as this world is full with misery, oppression and disease. It appeared as a genre after the 5irst World War and instead of having the scenarios of development; it has had the scenarios of disappearing. George Orwell is one of the most important dystopian science fiction writers. )e is well-known for his dystopian novels, 1984 and Animal Farm . )e described the lives of the working classes in his dystopian novels and his influence affected many people in the world. In dystopian societies the ruling powers control almost all aspects of s daily routines, careers and family unit are monitored by the ruling power. A person as an individual does not have any importance. The aim is to maintain the status quo: Citi3ens exist only to serve the State, and anything that benefits the State should benefit them, not the other way around. Needs are more or less provided in return for services to the State in the form of jobs, but careers are is e0pected, but ambition for personal gain is squashed. Ambition must only be for the progress of the State (5erris 5). Dystopian life accepts people as numbers not as individuals. People wear the same sort of clothes and the same colors. There is no room for individual e0pression and everyone has to think, live and believe in the same way1 The purpose for this mass regulation is twofold. 5irst, it contributes to the impression of sameness that is vital to collectivism. Second, it keeps the choices out of the minds of individuals, leaving it instead to the State to decide what is best and when it is best for the citi3ens. This takes power from the people, which is e0actly what must happen if the State is to maintain control. (5erris 6) The control of the state is like parents controlling their children and ma.ing decisions for them. In return children believe that what their parents decide for them is the best. There is an interesting fact that the states mostly use familial names, such as 5ather, Big Brother, and 8ncle. Citi3ens have to love the State and the leader. If not, they are forced to love and believe them. There is little privacy and people are deprived of their rights. The State starts to control its citi3ens from the birth. Bradbury is one of the most celebrated American writers and one of the major science fiction writers