IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON THE AUTHENTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN BURSA HISTORICAL CITY CENTRE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYŞEGÜL KELEŞ ERİÇOK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING OCTOBER 2012 Approval of the thesis: IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON THE AUTHENTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN BURSA HISTORICAL CITY CENTRE submitted by AYŞEGÜL KELEŞ ERİÇOK in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of City and Regional Planning, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan ÖZGEN _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Melih ERSOY _____________________ Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Prof. Dr. Numan TUNA _____________________ Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Anlı ATAÖV _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Numan TUNA _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Gül ASATEKİN _____________________ Architecture Dept., Bahçeşehir University Prof. Dr. Ruşen KELEŞ _____________________ Faculty of Political Sciences, Ankara University Prof. Dr. Zuhal ÖZCAN _____________________ Architecture Dept., Çankaya University Date: October 5, 2012 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Ayşegül Keleş Eriçok Signature : iii ABSTRACT IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON THE AUTHENTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN BURSA HISTORICAL CITY CENTRE Keleş Eriçok, Ayşegül Ph.D., Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Numan Tuna October 2012, 208 pages Historic commercial centres are subject to continuous change and transformation due to the changing socio-economic and cultural structure and relations of production and consumption. Organized within a traditional structure, these spaces have survived until today with their altering meanings and different identities as well as the restructuration they went through because of the socio-economic transformation processes. Besides, they are not only shopping areas or consumption spaces but also urban areas with a traditional style of manufacture and crafts. Theoretical discussions on the conservation of historic city centres focus on issues such as integration of city centres into contemporary life with functions that do not have adverse effects on the authentic characteristics of historic streets and urban fabrics, the role of new functions, activities and structures in the historic fabric, and participation in the conservation process. Historic buildings adopt functions that are different from their original functions due to changing life styles. Having functioned in a well-organized order and shaped by the socio- cultural and economic structure of their eras, they are subject to interventions due to the functions required by the present conditions, such as the addition of a mezzanine or the establishment of a connection between spaces. As a result of these interventions, the iv original plan schemes and authentic characteristics of historic buildings have changed. This thesis aims at identifying the types of commercial functions that intervene into the authentic design characteristics of commercial buildings located in the historic commercial centre. To this end, the Commercial Centre of Bursa was chosen as the case and the change in the functions of the hans located in this area was examined in detail. Keywords: Historical City Centre, Historical Commercial Buildings, Concervation, Authenticity, Bursa Hanlar District v ÖZ BURSA TARİHİ TİCARET MERKEZİNDE ARAZİ KULLANIM DEĞİŞİMLERİNİN TARİHİ YAPILARIN ÖZGÜN NİTELİKLERİNE ETKİSİ Keleş Eriçok, Ayşegül Doktora, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Numan Tuna Ekim 2012, 208 sayfa Tarihsel süreçte değişen sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapı ve farklılaşan üretim-tüketim ilişkiler nedeniyle tarihi ticaret merkezlerinde sürekli bir değişim ve dönüşüm yaşanmaktadır. Bu mekanlar geleneksel bir düzene göre örgütlenmiş, değişen anlamları ve farklı kimlikleri ile ve ayrıca sosyo-ekonomik dönüşüm süreçlerinin etkisiyle yeniden biçimlenerek çağımıza ulaşmış alanlardır. Ayrıca söz konusu mekanlar sadece alışverişin ya da tüketimin gerçekleştiği alan değil, geleneksel tarzda üretimin ve zanaatın var olduğu bir kent mekanı niteliği taşımaktadır. Tarihi kent merkezlerinin korunmasına ilişkin teorik tartışmalar, tarihi yapıların oluşturdukları sokaklar ve kentsel dokunun özgün niteliklerini bozmayacak işlevlerle çağdaş yaşamla bütünleştirilmesi, tarihi dokuda yeni işlevlerin, aktivitelerin ve yeni yapıların rolü, koruma sürecine katılım gibi konular üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Tarihi yapılar, değişen yaşam biçimi nedeniyle ilk yapılış amaçlarından farklı bir işlev yüklenmektedirler. Geçmişte iyi örgütlenmiş bir düzen içinde çalışan ve ait oldukları çağın sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik yapısına göre biçimlenen bu yapılara, günümüz koşullarında yer alan bazı fonksiyonların gereksinimlerine göre, ara kat eklenmesi, mevcut mekanlar vi arasında bağlantı kurulması gibi müdahaleler yapılmıştır. Bu müdahaleler sonucunda tarihsel değeri olan yapıların özgün plan şemaları ve mekânsal özellikleri değişmiştir. Bu tez çalışması ile tarihi ticaret merkezinde yer alan ticaret yapılarının özgün tasarım niteliklerine müdahale eden ticari fonksiyon türlerinin tespit edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bunun için Bursa Tarihi Ticaret Merkezi örnek çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiş ve çalışma alanında yer alan mevcut hanların süreç içindeki işlev değişimi detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarihi Ticaret Merkezi, Tarihi Ticaret Yapıları, Koruma, Özgünlük, Bursa Hanlar Bölgesi. vii To Esen Bahar, meaning of my life… viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Numan Tuna, for his guidence and patience during this study. I would also like to thank my jury members, Prof. Dr. Gül Asatekin for her valuable critiques and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv for her supports and contributions. I extend my thanks to other committee members Prof. Dr. Ruşen Keleş and Prof. Dr. Zuhal Özcan who made meaningful suggestion for this dissertation. In addition, I would like to thank for Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özcan Altaban and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emre Madran from METU provided valuable critiques and insights during the different stages of the study. I should also express my appreciations to all people who support me technically or by providing documentary for the study. Especially, Ayşe Işık, Birben Durmaçalış and Aziz Elbas from Bursa Metropolitan Municipality, Serpil Arık and Umut Ünsal Göktaş from Bursa Council of Cultural and Natural Heritage Conservation, Selda Savcı from Osmangazi Municipalty provided information, opportunities and experiences to complete analytical studies. I express my sincere thanks to Sübhan Nakiboğlu and Ali Akkuş for their support to make a survey in study area. I send my special thanks to Melike Kuş and Duygu Toprak because of their translation supports. I also gratefully thanks to Ufuk Poyraz because of his technical assistance when my computer crashed. Special thanks go to administrative staff of Department of City and Regional Planning for their assistance and patience during official paperwork of the dissertation. Utmost thanks go to Prof. Dr. Tansı Şenyapılı for encouraging me to completing this study and for sparing time whenever I was in need to talk something else than dissertation. Times ix I have spent together with her will be the most memorable moments of this dissertation period. Special thanks go to Süphan Nakiboğlu, I am indebted her for valuable comments, support, kind help and moral support during all stages of the thesis. In addition, special thanks to all of my friends, especially to, Burçin Güzel, Asiye Parlak Rakap, Açalya Alpan, Derya Baykara and Ceren Gamze Yaşar for the valuable moral support during all stages of the thesis. I would also thank to my all roommates, Tolga Levent, Sinan Burat, Yasemin Sarıkaya Levent, Burcu Özdemir Sarı, Suna Senem Yaşar, Gül Tuçaltan, Melih Gürçay and Cihan Erçetin, for their quiet patience and kind heartedness by sharing Room No: 305. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to express my endless gratitude to my family for their endless support. I offer sincere thanks for their unshakable faith in me. I would like to express my greatest debt, which is to my parents, Aysel and Hasan Keleş, my brother Arif and Utku, my sister Meryem and Ayşe, and my nieces Ceren, Ceyda, Ceylin, and my aunts also, for their support, trust and self-sacrifice throughout my life. I also thank to my grandmother Naciye and grandfather Haydar Sayıner for their spiritual support and prayer form my happiness in my life. Last but not least, I am also grateful to my husband Nüzhet Berk and my loving daughter Esen Bahar, meaning of my life, for their love and patience. I love my preciouses and thank God for giving me such a perfect family. This dissertation is dedicated in memory of my grandmother, Naciye Sayıner. This study was supported by the State Planning Organization (DPT)