MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative: A Discourse Analysis of Speeches by Chinese Politicians and Indonesian Newspaper Articles verfasst von / submitted by Anna Karin Holzmann, BA BSc (WU) angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna, 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 864 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Ostasiens degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Mag.Dr. Alfred Gerstl, MIR iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Mag.Dr. Alfred Gerstl, MIR for his patience and invaluable advice throughout the entire writing process for this thesis. Special thank also goes to Prof.Mag.Dr. Rüdiger Frank and the entire EcoS staff for providing me with the opportunity to deepen my knowledge in East Asian affairs. It was a great and truly enriching experience working with them. To my family and friends for their love and unconditional support. You have always been there for me. Without you, I would not be who and where I am right now. Thank you. iv China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative: A Discourse Analysis Table of Contents v Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative................................................................ 1 1.2. Literature Review ................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Research Project ..................................................................................................... 6 2. Constructivism .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Evolution in International Relations ....................................................................... 9 2.2. Common Features ................................................................................................. 10 3. Key Concepts .............................................................................................................. 12 3.1. Language and the Production of Meaning ............................................................ 12 3.2. Text and Speech .................................................................................................... 13 4. Discourse Analysis ...................................................................................................... 15 4.1. What is Discourse? ............................................................................................... 15 4.1.1. Different Notions and Common Characteristics .......................................... 15 4.1.2. Types of Discourse ...................................................................................... 16 4.2. What is Discourse Analysis? ................................................................................ 18 4.2.1. Development and “Critical” Issues .............................................................. 18 4.2.2. Common Characteristics .............................................................................. 19 4.2.3. Important Aspects ........................................................................................ 20 5. Speech Act Analysis.................................................................................................... 23 5.1. What are Speech Acts? ......................................................................................... 23 5.2. Speech Act Theory................................................................................................ 24 5.3. Illocutionary Acts ................................................................................................. 25 5.3.1. Illocutionary Logic and Initial Classification .............................................. 25 5.3.2. Searle’s Taxonomy ...................................................................................... 26 6. Content Analysis ......................................................................................................... 29 6.1. What is Content Analysis? .................................................................................... 29 6.2. Mayring’s Qualitative Content Analysis .............................................................. 30 vi China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative: A Discourse Analysis 6.2.1. Category System and Coding ....................................................................... 32 6.2.2. Special Technique 1: Summarising – Inductive Category Formation ......... 32 6.2.3. Special Technique 2: Content Structuring – Deductive Category Application ................................................................................................... 34 7. Research Design .......................................................................................................... 36 7.1. Theoretical and Methodological Foundation ........................................................ 36 7.1.1. Communication Model ................................................................................. 36 7.1.2. Text Corpus .................................................................................................. 38 7.1.3. Levels of Analysis ........................................................................................ 41 7.1.4. Content Analytical Approach ....................................................................... 44 7.2. Analytical Framework ........................................................................................... 46 8. Text Corpus – Part 1: Speeches ................................................................................. 48 8.1. President Xi Jinping .............................................................................................. 48 8.2. Premier Li Keqiang ............................................................................................... 62 8.3. Foreign Minister Wang Yi .................................................................................... 81 9. Text Corpus – Part 2: Newspaper Articles ............................................................... 94 10. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 108 10.1. Chinese Discourse: Text Corpus – Part 1............................................................ 108 10.2. Indonesian Perspective: Text Corpus – Part 2 .................................................... 127 11. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 139 References .......................................................................................................................... 144 Appendix A: Text Corpus .................................................................................................. 179 Appendix B: Code Book – Action Plan ............................................................................. 184 Appendix C: Code Book – Speeches ................................................................................. 186 Appendix D: Code Book – Newspaper Articles ................................................................ 198 Appendix E: Abstract – English ........................................................................................ 200 Appendix F: Abstract – German ........................................................................................ 201 List of Tables and Figures vii List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Searle's Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts .............................................................. 27 Table 2. Techniques of Qualitative Content Analysis ......................................................... 31 Table 3. OBOR Aspects – Speeches (No. of References, No. of Speeches) ..................... 112 Table 4. OBOR Terminology – Speeches (No. of References) ........................................ 113 Table 5. OBOR Goals – Speeches (No. of Speeches) ....................................................... 115 Table 6. OBOR Goals – Speeches (No. of References) .................................................... 118 Table 7. Illocutionary Acts – Speeches ............................................................................. 122 Table 8. OBOR Goals – Articles (No. of Articles, No. of References) ............................ 132 Figure 1. Map of China’s OBOR Initiative. .......................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Phase Model of Research Process. ....................................................................... 30 Figure 3. Process of Inductive Category Formation. ........................................................... 33 Figure 4. Process of Content Structuring. ........................................................................... 34 Figure 5. Communication Model of OBOR Discourse. ...................................................... 37 Figure 6. Text Corpus