Market Labor and Youth Capacity Assessment April 2016 Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 8 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Overview of the economy ............................................................................................................................ 10 GDP ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Inflation ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Sectoral assessment ............................................................................................................................ 11 Company number and size ................................................................................................................... 13 Overview of the labor force ......................................................................................................................... 16 Gender and age .................................................................................................................................... 16 Education and skill ................................................................................................................................ 17 Employment status ............................................................................................................................... 19 Wage employment versus self-employment.................................................................................... 19 Formal versus informal employment ............................................................................................... 21 Worker mobility ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Employment trends and wages in public and private sectors ..................................................................... 22 Employment trends ............................................................................................................................... 22 Gender segregation ......................................................................................................................... 22 Private versus public sector employment ........................................................................................ 22 Wages ................................................................................................................................................... 22 Private sector wages ....................................................................................................................... 23 Public sector wages ......................................................................................................................... 24 Recruitment and job search methods ................................................................................................... 26 Recruitment methods ....................................................................................................................... 26 Job search methods ........................................................................................................................ 28 Aspects of youth employment ..................................................................................................................... 29 Youth in wage employment .................................................................................................................. 29 Youth in self-employment ..................................................................................................................... 30 Unemployment ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Unemployment duration ....................................................................................................................... 32 Migration and its effect on the labor market ................................................................................................ 34 Emigration ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Effects of emigration on the labor market ........................................................................................ 34 Steps to be taken ............................................................................................................................. 34 Syrian Crisis .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Effects of the Syrian crisis on employment...................................................................................... 36 Effects of the Syrian crisis on self-employment ............................................................................... 36 Steps to be taken ............................................................................................................................. 37 Vocational and technical education system ................................................................................................ 37 Education system overview .................................................................................................................. 37 Vocational and technical programs ...................................................................................................... 38 General program overview .............................................................................................................. 38 Programs on offer at technical and vocational institutes and learning centers ............................... 41 Vocational and technical students ........................................................................................................ 42 Students by diploma and specialization .......................................................................................... 42 Students by type of school .............................................................................................................. 43 Labor Market and Youth Capacity Assessment 2 Students by Mohafaza ..................................................................................................................... 44 Students by gender .......................................................................................................................... 44 Vocational and technical schools and learning centers ....................................................................... 45 Schools by type ............................................................................................................................... 45 Schools by Mohafaza ...................................................................................................................... 46 Interviewed technical and vocational institutes and learning center ............................................... 46 Vocational and technical teachers ........................................................................................................ 48 Vocational and technical staff numbers ........................................................................................... 48 Full-time versus part-time teaching ................................................................................................. 49 Vocational and technical teacher education .................................................................................... 50 Vocational and technical teacher training ........................................................................................ 51 Issues with the technical and vocational system .................................................................................. 51 Perception of technical and vocational education ........................................................................... 51 Student orientation ........................................................................................................................... 52 Mismatch with labor market requirements ....................................................................................... 52 Curricula........................................................................................................................................... 55 Administration .................................................................................................................................. 56 In-house training by employers ................................................................................................................... 56 Training at interviewed companies ....................................................................................................... 57 Training provider and frequency ...................................................................................................... 57 Type of training ...............................................................................................................................