PRIMER DRUG GUIDELINES March 2020 Prepared by the Office of General Counsel, U.S. Sentencing Commission Disclaimer: This document is intended to assist in understanding and applying the sentencing guidelines. The information in this document should not be considered definitive or comprehensive. In addition, the information in this document does not represent an official Commission position on any particular issue or case, and it is not binding on the Commission, the courts, or the parties in any case. To the extent this document includes unpublished cases, practitioners should be cognizant of Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, as well as any corresponding rules in their jurisdictions. Primer on the Drug Guidelines TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 II. DRUG STATUTES .......................................................................................................................... 1 A. THE STATUTORY SCHEME ....................................................................................................... 1 B. LEGAL ISSUES ........................................................................................................................... 2 1. Aggregating Quantity .............................................................................................. 2 2. Enhanced Penalties ................................................................................................. 3 C. LESSER OFFENSES .................................................................................................................... 4 III. CHAPTER TWO OFFENSE GUIDELINE SECTIONS ............................................................... 4 A. APPLICABLE OFFENSE GUIDELINE SECTION IS DRIVEN BY OFFENSE OF CONVICTION ........... 4 B. SECTION 2D1.1 (UNLAWFUL MANUFACTURING, IMPORTING, EXPORTING, OR TRAFFICKING (INCLUDING POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO COMMIT THESE OFFENSES); ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY) ........................................................................................................................... 5 1. Determining the Base Offense Level ................................................................. 5 2. Drug Type ................................................................................................................... 8 3. Drug Quantity .......................................................................................................... 13 C. SELECTED SPECIFIC OFFENSE CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................. 21 1. Section 2D1.1(b)(1) .............................................................................................. 21 2. Section 2D1.1(b)(2) .............................................................................................. 24 3. Section 2D1.1(b)(5) .............................................................................................. 24 4. Section 2D1.1(b)(7) .............................................................................................. 24 5. Section 2D1.1(b)(11) ............................................................................................ 25 6. Section 2D1.1(b)(12) ............................................................................................ 25 7. Section 2D1.1(b)(13) ............................................................................................ 25 8. Section 2D1.1(b)(14) ............................................................................................ 26 9. Section 2D1.1(b)(15) ............................................................................................ 26 10. Section 2D1.1(b)(16) ............................................................................................ 26 11. Section 2D1.1(b)(17) ............................................................................................ 27 12. Section 2D1.1(b)(18) ............................................................................................ 27 D. CROSS REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 27 1. Murder ....................................................................................................................... 27 2. Crime of Violence ................................................................................................... 27 E. APPLICATION ISSUES FOR SPECIFIC DRUGS .......................................................................... 28 1. Cocaine ...................................................................................................................... 28 2. Marijuana.................................................................................................................. 29 3. Methamphetamine ................................................................................................ 30 4. LSD .............................................................................................................................. 32 ii Primer on the Drug Guidelines IV. OTHER OFFENSE GUIDELINE SECTIONS ............................................................................ 32 A. SECTION 2D1.2 (DRUG OFFENSES OCCURRING NEAR PROTECTED LOCATIONS OR INVOLVING UNDERAGE OR PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS; ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY) ............ 32 B. SECTION 2D1.8 (RENTING OR MANAGING A DRUG ESTABLISHMENT; ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY) .................................................................................................................... 33 C. SECTION 2D1.10 (ENDANGERING HUMAN LIFE WHILE ILLEGALLY MANUFACTURING A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE; ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY) ...................................................... 33 D. SECTION 2D1.11 (UNLAWFULLY DISTRIBUTING, IMPORTING OR POSSESSING A LISTED CHEMICAL; ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY) ............................................................................... 34 E. SECTION 2D1.12 (UNLAWFUL POSSESSION, MANUFACTURE, DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORTATION, EXPORTATION, OR IMPORTATION OF PROHIBITED FLASK, EQUIPMENT, CHEMICAL, PRODUCT, OR MATERIAL; ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY) .................................... 36 F. SECTION 2D2.1 (UNLAWFUL POSSESSION; ATTEMPT OR CONSPIRACY)............................ 36 V. SELECTED RELEVANT CONDUCT ISSUES SPECIFIC TO DRUG CASES ........................ 36 A. REASONABLE FORESEEABILITY AND RELEVANT CONDUCT .................................................. 36 B. PRIOR CONVICTIONS AND RELEVANT CONDUCT ................................................................... 37 C. BASE OFFENSE LEVELS IF DEATH RESULTS .......................................................................... 38 D. PERSONAL USE QUANTITIES AND RELEVANT CONDUCT ...................................................... 39 VI. SENTENCING MANIPULATION/ENTRAPMENT ................................................................ 40 A. GUIDELINES REMEDIES FOR SENTENCING MANIPULATION/ENTRAPMENT ......................... 40 1. Application Note 5 to §2D1.1 ............................................................................. 40 2. Application Note 27(A) to §2D1.1 .................................................................... 40 B. OTHER SENTENCING MANIPULATION/ENTRAPMENT .......................................................... 41 C. LIMITS ON SENTENCING MANIPULATION/ENTRAPMENT ..................................................... 42 VII. CHAPTER THREE: ADJUSTMENTS ........................................................................................ 42 A. ROLE ADJUSTMENTS .............................................................................................................. 42 B. ABUSE OF POSITION OF TRUST OR USE OF A SPECIAL SKILL ................................................ 42 C. USING A MINOR TO COMMIT A CRIME ................................................................................... 43 1. Section 3B1.4 - "Using" of Minor to Commit Crime .................................... 43 2. Section 3B1.4 - Use of Minor and Defendant's Age ..................................... 44 VIII. CHAPTER FOUR: CRIMINAL HISTORY, CAREER OFFENDER, AND ARMED CAREER CRIMINAL (ACCA) ..................................................................................................... 44 iii Primer on the Drug Guidelines IX. CHAPTER FIVE: DETERMINING THE SENTENCE ............................................................. 46 A. STATUTORY PENALTY RANGES REVISITED: APPRENDI ........................................................ 46 1. Statutory Maximum Sentence ........................................................................... 46 2. Statutory Mandatory Minimum Sentences ................................................... 47 B. RELIEF FROM MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCES: THE "SAFETY VALVE" ......................... 48 1. The Statutory and Guideline Conditions ....................................................... 49 2. Section 5C1.2(b) ..................................................................................................... 53 3. Safety Valve and §2D1.1(b)(17)........................................................................ 53 4. Safety Valve and Departures/Variances ........................................................ 53 C. DOWNWARD DEPARTURES FOR SUBSTANTIAL ASSISTANCE TO AUTHORITIES: §5K1.1 ... 53 X. CHAPTER SIX: SENTENCING PROCEDURES AND PLEA AGREEMENTS ..................... 54 A. PLEA AGREEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................................