A STUDY ON BIODIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS IN THE CROPLAND OF CENTRAL AND LOWER PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By TAHIRA RUBY M. Phil. (UAF) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY & FISHERIES FACULTY OF SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2010 To The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. “We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the content and form of thesis submitted by Miss Tahira Ruby, 2003-ag-378, have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the external Examiner (s) for the award the degree” Supervisory Committee 1. Chairman ------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Shahnaz A. Rana 2. Member ------------------------------- Dr. Muhammad Afzal 3. Member ------------------------------- Dr. Mansoor Hameed DEDICATED To My DEAR “MOTHER” DECLARATION I hereby declare that the contents of the thesis, “A study on biodiversity of arthropods in the cropland of central and lower Punjab, Pakistan” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from any publishes source (except the references, standard mathematical or genetic model/ equations/ formulate/ protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/ degree. The University may take action if the information provided is found incorrect at any stage, (In case of any default the scholar will be proceeded against as per HEC plagiarism policy). Signature of the student Name: Tahira Ruby Regd. No. 2003-ag-378 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With a deepest vehement of gratitude I regard vigorous tribute to Prof. Dr. Shahnaz Akhtar Rana, Dept. of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for her kind behaviour, dynamic supervision and propitious guidance. Even I am unable to find appropriate words for her. I feel much honour to express deep sense of gratitude to the members of supervisory committee Dr. Muhammad Afzal and Dr. Mansoor Hameed for their cooperative attitudes as well as conceptual and technical insights into my thesis work. My research work, thesis write up and many other technical formalities were incomplete without the help of Prof. Dr. Aleem Ahmad Khan, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan; Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmad Shaikh, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UAF and Dr. Safdar Ali, Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, UAF. Thanks to all for their valuable share. Also I am grateful to Mrs. Naureen Rana, Lecturer, Dept. of Zoology & Fisheries, UAF and Dr. Javaid Iqbal Siddiqui, Associate Professor, Govt. Islamia Degree College, Fsd for their constructive criticism and moral support. I express my gratitude to all the teachers of the department for their help and cooperation to facilitate my tasks. It is a matter of great pride to pay tribute to all my friends especially, Nargis Naz, Mubashara Talal, Asifa Obaid, Asma Rashid, Munazza Naz, Beenish Mahboob, Ismat Bibi, Shaheera Batool and Farhana Noureen. They will remain with me forever in my heart. Special thanks to my class fellows, seniors, juniors, cousins and sir Ikram Naumani for lovely wishes and encouragement at each step. All my achievements were incomplete without prayers of Khuzema Tanveer, Rawa Khan, Safi Khan, Ahmad Mustafa and Usama Shehzore. May Allah bless them all with success and happiness. No words can match the actual ability, sincerity and care of my most loving friends Saba Tariq, Sadia Naveed and Misbah Tanveer. Last, but not any acknowledgement could never adequately express my obligation to loving Parents and family members for their spiritual inspiration and guidance, who always motivated me to carry myself through the noble ideas of life. Their support has been unconditional all these years. Much of what I am and a large amount of all I have done, are on their account. Tahira Ruby i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter # Title Page # Acknowledgement i List of Tables ii List of Figures iii List of Appendices v 1 Introduction 1 2 Review of Literature 9 References 20 3 Biodiversity of foliage arthropods in the mixed-crop zone 30 and cotton wheat zone in Punjab province, Pakistan Abstract 30 Introduction 30 Materials and Methods 32 Results and Discussion 33 Conclusion 42 References 43 4 Weeds as life source for different arthropods in the cropland 88 of Punjab, Pakistan Abstract 88 Introduction 89 Materials and Methods 90 Results 91 Discussion 95 Conclusion 96 References 97 5 Predator-prey associations among the selected arthropods in 109 the cropland of Punjab, Pakistan Abstract 109 Introduction 110 Materials and Methods 112 Results 113 Discussion 114 Conclusion 116 References 117 6 Determination of genetic diversity in some selected 128 arthropod species using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and predator-prey relationship by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gut Analysis) Abstract 128 Introduction 129 Materials and Methods 130 Results 132 Discussion 134 Conclusion 135 References 136 7 Summary 144 LIST OF TABLES Table # Title Page # Chapter 3 1 Comparison of species abundance and richness of Odonata 45 in two zones 2 Comparison of species abundance and richness of 46 Orthoptera in two zones 3 Comparison of species abundance and richness of 49 Hemiptera in two zones 4 Comparison of species abundance and richness of 50 Coleoptera in two zones 5 Comparison of species abundance and richness of 52 Lepidoptera in two zones 6 Comparison of species abundance and richness of Diptera 54 in two zones 7 Comparison of species abundance and richness of 55 Hymenoptera in two zones 8 Comparison of species abundance and richness of Araneae 56 in two zones 9 Comparison of species abundance and richness of Others 58 in two zones 10 Shannon Diversity Index among different orders of mixed 59 crop zone and cotton-wheat zone 11 Multiple linear regression showing impact of 60 environmental factors on different faunal orders 12 List of major pests observed in the cropland of (Punjab, 61 Pakistan) 13 List of minor pests observed in the cropland of (Punjab, 62 Pakistan) Chapter 4 1 Comparison of weed species reported from four crops of 99 central Punjab 2 Comparison of weed species reported from four crops of 100 lower Punjab Chapter 5 1 Chi-square test showing the significance of horizontal 119 linear association of selected predator and prey species in the cropland of Punjab Chapter 6 1 List of RAPD primers applied on arthropods along with 138 their sequence, total number of bands, number of polymorphic bands and mean band frequency 2 Accession number, primer sequence and amplified 139 fragment size of species specific primers of different aphid species LIST OF FIGURES Figure # Title Page # Chapter 3 1 Diversity of arthropod species in four crops of Faisalabad 64 (MCZ) and Multan(CWZ) 2 Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distances showing 65 habitat preferences by faunal orders in different crop combinations in Faisalabad (MCZ) and Mulatn (CWZ) 3 a. Trophic structure of fauna in the sugarcane crop (MCZ) 66 b. Trophic structure of fauna in the fodder crop (MCZ) 67 c. Trophic structure of fauna in the wheat crop (MCZ) 68 d. Trophic structure of fauna in the mustard crop (MCZ) 69 4 a. Trophic structure of fauna in the sugarcane crop (CWZ) 70 b. Trophic structure of fauna in the fodder crop ( CWZ) 71 c. Trophic structure of fauna in the wheat crop ( CWZ) 72 d. Trophic structure of fauna in the mustard crop ( CWZ) 73 Chapter 4 1 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 101 species on different weeds of sugarcane crop in Central Punjab 2 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 102 species on different weeds of fodder crop in Central Punjab 3 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 103 species on different weeds of wheat crop in Central Punjab 4 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 104 species on different weeds of mustard crop in Central Punjab 5 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 105 species on different weeds of sugarcane crop in Lower Punjab 6 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 106 species on different weeds of fodder crop in Lower Punjab 7 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 107 species on different weeds of wheat crop in Lower Punjab 8 CCA ordination showing the distribution of arthropod 108 species on different weeds of mustard crop in Lower Punjab Chapter 5 1 Predator-prey ratio of Coccinella septumpunctata with 120 different available preys 2 Predator-prey ratio of Cheilomenes sexmaculata with 121 different available preys 3 Predator-prey ratio of Hippodemia convergens with 121 different available preys 4 Predator-prey ratio of Hippodemia variegata with different 122 available preys 5 Predator-prey ratio of Chrysoperla carnea with different 122 available preys 6 Predator-prey ratio of Oxyopes javanus with different 123 available preys 7 Predator-prey ratio of Neoscona theisi with different 123 available preys 8 Predator-prey ratio of Araneidae nymph with different 124 available preys Chapter 6 1 Polymorphic RAPD banding pattern of twelve arthropod species 140 2 Polymorphic RAPD banding pattern of twelve arthropod species 140 showing unique bands of M. miscanthi 3 UPGMA dendrogram illustrating the genetic relationship among 141 seven arthropod predator species based on their similarities 4 UPGMA dendrogram illustrating the genetic relationship among 141 five arthropod prey species based on their similarities 5 UPGMA dendrogram illustrating the genetic