CABI Ref: U3013 India’s (BHU) Final Report to DFID Reaping the Benefits: Assessing the Impact and Facilitating the Uptake of Resource Conserving Technologies in the Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain Impact Studies On Zero Tillage Technology and Replacement of Varieties in Eastern Uttar Pradesh Study by A K Joshi, R Chand and V. K. Chandola Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Analysis and compilation by Dr Tahseen Jafry, CABI Associate www.cabi.org KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE Rice-Wheat Reaping the Benefits. India (BHU): Final Report. Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................1 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Project goal……………………………..……………………………………………………………………………..4 Project purpose……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 The Banaras Hindu University team…………….…………………………………………………………….4 Targeting the poorest farmers…………………………………………………………………..……………..5 Output 1: "Implications and benefits of new technologies on social well-being…"………………..6 1.1.1 Introduction of zero tillage machine ................................................................6 1.1.2 Introduction of new varieties ..........................................................................6 1.1.3 Introduction of participatory seed production...................................................7 1.2 Results of Impact Studies ......................................................................................8 1.2.1 ‘User map’ for machinery and livelihood impact assessment studies ...................8 1.2.2 Calendar of machine use.............................................................................. 11 1.2.3 Resource maps............................................................................................ 12 1.2.4 Livelihood impact studies of users and non-users of new varieties ................... 12 1.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Zero tillage ................................................................................................. 14 1.3.2 Replacement of varieties .............................................................................. 15 Output 2: "Agricultural knowledge systems identified…."…………………………………………………35 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 35 2.2 Location of Villages ............................................................................................. 35 2.3 Approaches Taken to Popularize the Zero Tillage Technology.................................. 35 2.3.1 The overarching approaches to popularize the technology............................... 35 2.3.2 Specific CABI/DFID activities ........................................................................ 36 2.3.3 Development of maps showing the spread of zero tillage technology and new varieties, 2003 onwards........................................................................................ 43 2.3.4 Information on the spread of ZT machine in project satellite villages................ 55 2.3.5 Women Trichoderma group in Rehiya village.................................................. 65 Output 3: “New technical innovations evaluated….” ......................................................... 71 3.1 Developing enabling environments for technology disseminataion………………………….71 3.2 Zero Till Technology............................................................................................ 71 3.2.1 Model/approach followed over time............................................................... 71 3.2.2 Institutional blockages and challenges........................................................... 72 3.2.3 Why did this technology move so well despite institutional blockages? ............. 72 3.2.4 What are the options to move forward?......................................................... 73 3.2.5 What could be the ways to scale up the technology? ...................................... 73 3.2.6 How can private enterprise and other stakeholders be engaged in the scaling out?.................................................................................................................... 73 3.2.7 What had most impact? What did not work so well? ....................................... 74 3.2.8 What worked for each category of farmer? .................................................... 74 3.2.9 What was farmers’ feedback on dissemination activities focusing on each socio- economic group? ................................................................................................. 75 3.2.10 What are the overall lessons? ..................................................................... 75 3.3 Quality Seed Production of Improved Wheat/Other Crops Varieties ......................... 76 3.3.1 Model/approach followed over time............................................................... 76 3.3.2 Institutional blockages and challenges........................................................... 77 3.3.3 Why did this technology move so well despite institutional blockages? ............. 77 3.3.4 What are the options to move forward?......................................................... 78 3.3.5 What could be the ways to scale up the technology? ...................................... 78 Study by A. K. Joshi, R. Chand & V. K. Chandola. Analysed & compiled by Dr Tahseen Jafry, March 2007. Rice-Wheat Reaping the Benefits. India (BHU): Final Report. 3.3.6 How can private enterprise and other stakeholders be engaged in the scaling out?.................................................................................................................... 78 3.3.7 What had most impact? What did not work so well? ....................................... 79 3.3.8 What worked for each category of farmer? .................................................... 79 3.3.9 What was farmers’ feedback on dissemination activities focusing on each socio- economic group? ................................................................................................. 80 3.3.10 What are the overall lessons? ..................................................................... 81 Overall Discussion ......................................................................................................... 82 Output 1.................................................................................................................. 82 Impact studies of using the zero tillage machine..................................................... 82 Impact studies of adoption of new varieties ........................................................... 82 Output 2.................................................................................................................. 83 Agricultural knowledge systems pertaining to the zero tillage machine and replacement of varieties .......................................................................................................... 83 Output 3.................................................................................................................. 84 Creating enabling environments ............................................................................ 84 Final Conclusion............................................................................................................ 85 Study by A. K. Joshi, R. Chand & V. K. Chandola. Analysed & compiled by Dr Tahseen Jafry, March 2007. Rice-Wheat Reaping the Benefits. India (BHU): Final Report. Boxes, Figures, Maps and Tables Boxes Box 1. Village: Rehiya, District: Mirzapur ......................................................................... 56 Box 2. Village: Kadawa, District: Mirzapur ........................................................................ 57 Box 3. Village: Khundka, District: Mirzapur ...................................................................... 58 Box 4. Village: Ranipur, District: Mirzapur........................................................................ 59 Box 5. Village: Bhadawal, District: Mirzapur..................................................................... 60 Box 6. Village: Bharuhiya, District: Mirzapur .................................................................... 61 Box 7. Village: Kathdeeha, District: Mirzapur ................................................................... 62 Box 8. Village: Jogwa, District: Mirzapur.......................................................................... 63 Box 9. Village: Parasurampur, District: Mirzapur............................................................... 64 Figures Fig. 1. The BHU team at the planning workshop in Dhaka, December, 2004………………………4 Fig. 2. Women find harvesting easier because crops are sown in rows .................................9 Fig. 2. Village resource map: Karhat ............................................................................... 33 Fig. 3. Village resource map: Bhurkura............................................................................ 34 Fig. 4. Commercially available Trichoderma ..................................................................... 65 Maps Map 1: Map of villages adjacent to Bhurkura village showing purchase years of ZT machines.....................................................................................................................