Appendix I: Acronyms AAF-SAP African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes AAPC All-African Peoples Conference AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization ACP Group African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group ADB African Development Bank ADP agricultural development program AEF Afrique Equatoriale Fran~aise (French Equatorial Africa) AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC African National Congress AOF Afrique Occidentale Fran~aise (French West Africa) APEC Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation AZAPO Azanian Peoples' Organization AZASO Azanian Students' Organization BCM Black Consciousness Movement BOSS Bureau of State Security CC Chama Cha Mapinduzi CEAO Economic Community of West Africa CFA African Financial Community CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIAS Conference of Independent African States CIEC Conference on International Economic Cooperation CODES A Convention for a Democratic South Africa COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COSAG Concerned South Africans Group 499 500 Acronyms COSAS Congress of South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CPP Convention People's party CUSA Council of Unions of South Africa DAC Development Assistance Committee DFI direct foreign investment DROC Democratic Republic of Congo, typically referred to as Congo, or Congo-Kinshasa EAC East African Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EDF European Development Fund EEC European Economic Community ELF Eritrean Liberation Front EPZ export processing zone FLN National Liberation Front FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola FOSATU Federation of South African Trade Unions FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique Frolinat Front pour la Liberation Nationale du Tchad GDP gross domestic product GNP gross national product GRAE Angolan Revolutionary Government in Exile GUNT Transitional National Union Government HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country IFI international financial institution IMF International Monetary Fund lSI import -substituting industrialization KANU Kenya African National Union LDCs less-developed countries MDM Mass Democratic Movement MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola MVA manufacturing value-added Acronyms 50 I NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAM Nonaligned Movement NANS National Association of Nigerian Students NF National Forum NGOs nongovernmental organizations NICs newly industrializing countries NIEO New International Economic Order NP National Party (South Africa) NUGS National Union of Ghanaian Students NUM National Union of Mineworkers OAU Organization of African Unity OCAM Afro-Malagasy Common Organization OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OMVS Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Senegal (Organisation for the Development of the Senegal River) ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PA Program of Action PAC Pan-African Congress PAMSCAD Program to Mitigate the Social Costs of Adjustment PDCI Parti Democratique du Cote d'Ivoire PDG Parti Democratique de Guinee PFP Progressive Federal party PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PMAC Provisional Military Administrative Council PNDC Provisional National Defense Council Polisario Front Frente Popular para la Liberacion de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro PTA Preferential Trade Area of East and Southern Africa RCC Revolutionary Command Council RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance Movement SACC South African Council of Churches SACP South African Communist Party SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADR Saharan Arab Democratic Republic SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty SASO South African Students' Organization 502 Acronyms SONATRACH Societe Nationale de Transports et de Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures STAB EX Stabilization of Export Earnings Scheme SWAPO South West African People's Organization TANU Tanzanian African National Union TNCs transnational corporations TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UAM Union of African States and Madagascar UDAO Customs Union of West Africa UDEAO Customs Union of West African States UDF United Democratic Front UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UPA Union of Angolan Peoples WPE Workers' Party of Ethiopia WSLF Western Somali Liberation Front WTO World Trade Organization ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZAPU Zimbabwe African People's Union ZNP Zanzibar Nationalist Party Appendix 2: Changes in Country Names Present Previous Benin Dahomey Botswana Bechuanaland Burkina Faso Upper Volta Burundil Ruanda-Urundi Cameroon French Cameroons and British Southern Cameroons2 Cape Verde Cape Verde Islands Central African Republic Oubangui Chari; Central African Empire Congo, Democratic Republic of Belgian Congo; later Congo; subsequently Zaire; sometimes referred to as Congo-Kinshasa or Congo-Leopoldville Congo, Republic of French Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and Issas; French Somaliland Equatorial Guinea Spanish Guinea Eritrea Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia Ghana Gold Coast; British Togoland Guinea French Guinea Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Guinea Lesotho Basutoland 503 504 Changes in Country Names Present Previous Madagascar Malagasy Republic Malawi Nyasaland Mali French Soudan Namibia South West Africa Rwanda! Ruanda-Urundi Saharan Arab Democratic Spanish Sahara; sometimes referred Republic3 to as Western Sahara Somali (Somali Democratic British Somaliland and Italian Republic) Somaliland Tanzania4 Tanganyika and Zanzibar Togo French Togoland Zambia Northern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia; Rhodesia Notes: 1. Ruanda-Urundi was a Belgian-administered trust territory that became independent in 1960 as two separate states. 2. The Southern Cameroons, a British-administered UN trust territory, joined the Republic of Cameroon following a plebiscite in 1961; the people of the Northern Cameroons opted for integration with Nigeria. 3. Morocco has claimed this territory, a claim contested by the Polisario Front (the national liberation movement). Polisario refers to the territory as the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). 4. The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar came into being on April 26, 1964, as a consequence of the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar; the name "United Republic of Tanzania" was officially adopted a year later. Sources: Adapted from William Tordoff, Government and Politics in Africa (Indiana University Press, 1993), and the 1998 CIA World Factbook. Appendix 3: Basic Political Data Country and Date Major of Independence Capital City Rulers Since Independence Political Parties Algeria Algiers 1. Ahmed Ben Bella, National Liberation 3 July 1962 president, 1962-June 1965 Front (FLN) 2. Col. Houari Boumedienne, Islamic Salvation Front president, June 1965-Dec. (PIS) 1978 Movement for 3. Col. Benjedid Chadli, Democracy in president, Feb. 1979-Jan. Algeria (MDA) 1992 Socialist Forces Front 4. Abd ai-Malek Benhabiles, (FFS) chairman, Constitutional Council, acting head of state, 12-14 Jan. 1992 5. High Committee of State appointed as collegiate presidency, Jan. 1992- Jan. 1994 6. Liamine Zeroual, head of state, Feb. 1994-1999 7. Abdelaziz Bouteflika elected president, Apr. 1999 Angola Luanda 1. Antonio Agostinho Neto, Popular Movement for 11 Nov. 1975 founding president, the Liberation of 1975-8ept. 1979 Angola (MPLA) 2. Jose Eduardo dos Santos, National Union for the president, 20 Sept. 1979- Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) Benin Porto Novo 1. Hubert Maga, president, Benin People's 1 Aug. 1960 Jan. 1961-Oct. 1963 Revolutionary Party (formerly Republic (PRPB) of Dahomey 1960-1975) 505 506 Basic Political Data Country and Date Major of Independence Capital City Rulers Since Independence Political Parties Benin 2. Col. (later Gen.) Union for the Triumph of (continued) Christophe Soglo, Democratic Renewal president, Oct. (UTR) includes: UDFP, 1963-Jan. 1964 MOPS,ULD 3. Sourou Migan Apithy, Our Common Cause president, Jan. (NCC) 1964-Nov. 1965 National Assembly for 4. Tahirou Congacou, Democracy (RNO) president, Nov. Party for the Rebirth of 1965-Dec. 1965 Benin (PRB) 5. Gen. Christophe Soglo, Party of Democratic president, Dec. 1965- Renewal (PRO) Dec. 1967 Action Front for Renewal 6. Lt. Col. Alphonse Alley, and Development president, Dec. (FARD-Alafin) 1967-July 1968 7. Emile-Derlin Zinsou (civilian), president, July 1968-Dec. 1969 8. Lt. Col. Paul Emile de Souza, president, Dec. 1969-May 1970 9. Hubert Maga, president, May 1970-May 1972 10. Justin Ahomadegbe, president, May 1972-Oct. 1972 11. Col. Mathieu Kerekou, president, Oct. 1972-Feb. 1991 12. Nicephore Soglo, Feb. 1991-Mar. 1996 13. Gen. Mathieu Kerekou, president, Mar. 1996- Botswana Gaborone 1. Sir Seretse Khama, Sept. Botswana Democratic 30 Sept. 1966 1966-July 1980 Party 2. Quett Masire, president, Botswana People's Party July 1980-Mar. 1998 Botswana Independence 3. Following resignation of Party President