Index ABC, 77–9, 81, 83, 86, 90–2 belongingness, 74, 84, 92–3, 147, ACCA, 64 225, 233, 237 ACDMA Retirement Home, 66 Baptist community, 69 across generations, 54, 90 Bhabha, H., 2, 3 act, 7, 45–6, 54 Bhana, S., 189 action, 24, 52, 54, 55, 101–2, 106, Boxer Rebellion, 135 229 Brain, J., 189 African National Congress, 203 Brave Orchid, 213–14, 216–18, 222 aged care, 59, 65, 68 Brubaker, R., 1, 2, 4, 129 alienation, 4, 21, 84, 195, 229, 230 buildings, 53, 55–6, 59–60, 66–7, 69 Alexander, A., 3 built environment, 9, 53, 56 Alexander, M., 5 Bureau of the Overseas Chinese ancestor worship, 120, 124–7 Affairs, 124 ancestral house, 120 see also worship Cabramatta, 64 Anderson, B., 3, 224, 228 Canley Vale, 66 Ang, I., 3, 16, 20, 80, 91 Canton, 19, 190 Anthias, F., 7–8, 21, 247, 249 see also Guangzhou Anxi County in Fujian Province, 114 Cape Colony, 189 apartheid, 10, 187–8, 192–3, 196–8, Cape Colony Chinese Exclusion Act, 201–3 189 archetypal village, 119 Chan, Evans, 241 artefacts, 3, 10, 57, 225 Chan, Peter, 226, 234 Ashfield, 23, 27, 66 Carroll, Lewis, 244 assimilation, 33, 76, 79–80, 92, 148 Cheung, Alfred, 241 As Time Goes By, 241 Cheung, Mabel, 241 attachment, 20, 89, 160, 222, 228, Cheung, Maggie, 229, 234 240 childcare, 59, 60, 65 attachment indicators, 61–2 China, 9, 14–30, 58, 86–90, 96–7, attachment, place, 55–7, 61–3, 70, 104–8, 118–19, 124, 127–8, 74–7, 88–90, 171, 220–1 146–9, 171, 195, 206–7 authentic, 3–7, 9, 17, 82–5, 131, 139, China, mainland, 41, 76, 111, 153, 176, 218, 221–2 206, 214, 225, 234 China, new, 238 Balibar, E., 130, 250 Chinatown, 17, 59, 66–7, 136, 150, belonging, 12–14, 18–23, 29–30, 34–5, 159, 170, 181, 204 47–8, 56, 74–6, 81–3, 107, 130, Chinese Buddhist temples, 59–61, 65 154, 164–5, 182–3, 218–19, Chineseness, 7, 9, 16–20, 28, 41, 244–5, 250 75–9, 82–92, 95, 206–8, 222, belonging, not, 5, 187, 194–6, 203, 230, 239, 246–7, 250 210 see also People’s Republic of China; belonging, sense of, 9–13, 19, 26, Ming Dynasty; Qing Dynasty 126, 172–3, 204, 221–2 Chinese philanthropy, 123 254 Index 255 Chinese temples, 123 consumption, 6, 54–6, 63, 67, 69–70, Chinese vernacular schools, 123 122, 151, 167, 178, 226, 228, Chow, R., 16, 18, 95, 250 238–40 Christian churches, 59–61 contestation, 8, 95, 248 citizenship, 1, 19, 33, 44, 48, 129–30, contributions, 65 142, 149–51, 154–5, 157, 160, counter identity, 140 188, 195, 239 Crossings, 241 Clifford, J., 4, 35, 74, 76–7, 228–9, 239 cultural capital, 43, 111, 113, 115, clusters, 67, 107 123, 125 collective identities, 2, 56–7, 226, Cultural Revolution, 21, 25–6, 41, 228, 230 86, 154, 208, 230, 233, 235, 238 collectively perceived needs, 70 culture transfers, 52, 57, 60 collective memories, 4–6, 13, 36, 47, 52–71, 84, 108, 111–15, 120–7, Dawson, R., 18, 74, 192 172–3, 183, 213, 218, 222, 228, decisions, 64, 67–8, 101, 106, 177–8 251 Deng, Lijun, 235–7 collective psyche, 117, 146 Deng, Xiaoping, 235, 241 collectives, 52, 54, 57, 60, 63, 65–6, di shui nanyin, 230 69–70, 112, 207 diaspora, 1–10, 13, 74, 114, 123, commercial funding, 65 158–61, 165, 171, 207–9, 224, communism, 116, 118 229, 244–51 community, 1–9, 23–7, 41, 43, 58–69, diasporic community capital, 122 81, 83, 85, 87, 102–4, 111–23, diasporic experiences, 85–91, 225, 127–8, 130, 140–1, 147–61, 230, 233–5 170–3, 179, 187, 189–93, 197–8, dispersion, spatial, 58–60 202–4, 217 see also community, diasporic common experience, 52, 231 donors, 64 communal organizations, 59, 67–8, Dung, Kai-cheung, 231 171 Dunn, R., 4 communal place, 52–4, 56, 61–2, dwelling, 55 64, 67, 69–70 Dylan, Bob, 232, 240 community centres, 59–62, 65, 69 community, diasporic, 1–9, 74–9, East Lindfield, 68–9 95, 107, 111, 124, 160, 182, education, 21–3, 28, 38, 43, 52, 58–9, 244–50 62, 65, 99, 101, 106, 113, 115–16, community engagement, 65 123, 146, 190, 200, 203, 231–3, 247 community, imagined, 43, 128, 130, embeddedness, 8, 20, 65 140, 228, 239, 250 emigrant hometowns, 111, 120 community, migrant, 79, 102, 164, ethnic community capital, 123, 127 167, 182, 229 ethnic consumption, 67; see also community organizations, 9, 59, consumption 61–2, 104, 166 ethnic organizations, 53, 61, 80 Comrades, Almost a Love Story, 226 employment, 21, 29, 41, 64, 99, 101, Confucian tradition, 115, 120, 131 118, 124, 126, 149, 192, 203, Congregational Church, 68 217, 247 consciousness, 9–10, 12, 14, 77, 128, ethnicity, 7, 8, 39–42, 52, 74, 82, 161, 172, 182, 190, 221–2, 225, 85–91, 95, 234, 247–9 227–8, 230, 233, 238, 240 ethnicity, real, 79–82 consumers, 60–1, 138, 226–7 Evangelical Free Church, 68 256 Index exclusion, 5, 8, 66, 148, 150, 160, 189, colonial, 207 192, 198, 250 cultural, 75, 83, 89, 172–6, 181 experiences, 5–6, 8–9, 14, 27–8, 30, home, 1, 18–19, 25–6, 62, 75, 164, 174, 35, 37 190, 217, 245 ancestral, 111, 123, 175, 181 Faber, P., 187 Homebush, 68 family melodrama, 229–31, 234 homeland, 78, 84, 88, 90, 171, 207, 248 Farewell China, 241 memories of, 171, 173, 182, 209 fate, 114, 140, 213, 220 Hong Kong feeling of home, 62 Chinese, 37–41, 173, 206 fellowship, 68 films, 225, 227, 230, 234 financial engagement, 65 identity, 238 Forrestville, 64 New Wave cinema, 231 fragmented, 5, 49, 56, 58, 85 people, 40, 174, 234, 236 framework, 90, 126–30, 158, 206, 212 see also Special Administrative see also institutional framework Region fugui bu lizu, 115 Horrell, M., 193–4, 197 function, 56–7, 68, 153, 182, 212, Hui, Ann, 226, 229, 241 232–3, 237, 240, 250 human capital, 99 funding, 64–5, 68, 70 human engagement, 60, 63–4, 67, 70 Hundred Secret Senses, The, 212–13, generation, 6–7, 9–10, 76–88, 164, 218, 221 172, 213, 218 Hwa Tsang Temple, 68 first, 63, 88, 126, 178, 190, 214 hybridity, 2, 76, 78–81, 83, 90, 156, second, 68–9, 76, 84, 213 215, 247–9 third, 77, 86, 178 fourth, 9, 80, 82, 88, 204 identity, 6, 12, 23, 33, 111, 146, 156, Gilroy, P., 2–3, 246 206, 224, 250 Gold Mountain, 190, 194 collective, 4, 36, 54, 57, 79, 95–6, gong-de rites, 125 115, 176, 206 government support, 64 crisis, 38, 40, 45, 234, 238–9 Group Areas Act, 197–8, 200, 202 cultural, 1, 15, 34, 79, 208, 226, 251 groups formation, 2–9, 15, 18–20, 34–8, 47, ethnic, 52, 55, 80, 116, 122, 154, 78–80, 83, 86–93, 111, 128, 196, 226 164, 206, 249 racial, 79, 82, 197 hybrid, 215–16 see also social groups national, 19, 130, 156–8 growth nodes, 124 negotiation, 76, 80–4, 182 Guangdong, 101, 170, 190, 230 personal, 34–5, 44–6, 100, 251 see also Kwangtung social, 37, 44–6 Guangzhou, 22, 190, 230, 232 Illegal Immigrants, 241 see also Canton imageries, 82, 119, 170, 245 guanxi network, 119 imaginary, 24, 29, 87, 90–1, 130, 146, 153, 159, 224, 236, 240, 245, 251 Halbwachs, M., 4–5, 7, 53–7, 63, 70, Imagined Communities, 3, 228 112 imagined communities, see Her Fatal Ways, 241 community, imagined heritage, 8, 65, 69, 95, 156 immigrants, 14, 19, 33–4, 52, 55, Chinese, 83, 85, 88–9, 182, 206–8 57–8, 62, 67–8, 70, 80, 84, 96–7, Index 257 99, 105, 193, 195, 204, 234, 248, localized, 6, 27, 34–5, 53, 55–7, 60–3, 251 69–71, 78 astronaut, 58, 75 stories, 56 immigration, 17, 26, 33, 35, 39, 40, xiang level, 125 58–60, 67, 97–8, 103, 105, 108, location, 10, 13, 19, 34, 53, 57, 63, 67, 149, 152, 193 70, 126, 160–1, 188, 214, 224 Immigration Restriction Acts, 97 Long Arm of the Law, 241 policy, 9, 96, 98, 99–100, 105, luodi shenggen, 113 108–9, 151–2 Immorality Act, 202 Mackerras, C., 101, 192 Imo Kullan, 133 Mak, Johnny, 241 in-between, 81, 83, 194, 217 Manchukuo, 157 inclusion, 3, 63, 66, 68, 70, 83, 182 Manchuria, 146, 157 indentured labour, 189 Mandela, Nelson, 187 informal empire, 128, 132–3 markers, 41, 57, 63, 157, 171 institutional framework, 60, 154 masonic halls, 60, 66 intergenerational, 79, 82–4, 86–91, 223 meetings, 61–2, 67, 246, 251 memorial, 7, 114, 131 Johnson, C. J., 197 hall (ci-tang) 120 jus sanguineness, 130 memories, 1, 33, 37, 111, 164, 171 see also collective memories; Kanto earthquake, 155 homeland, memories of Kingston, Maxine Hong, 203, 211–18, migrants, 164 222 female, 14–16, 28, 107, 248 Knowles, C., 3 forced, 174, 182 Koreans, 128, 131–3, 135–40, 149, male, 13–17, 116, 120, 152, 248 154, 157 skilled, 97–8, 166 Kwangtung, 190, 194 transnational, 33, 94, 179 see also Guangdong mine labour, 189 Kuan Zin Temple, 66 Ming Dynasty, 131, 148 Kwan, Stanley, 231, 241 ming-yun, 114 Mixed Marriages Act, 197, 202 Lai, Leon, 234 mobility, 25, 29, 47, 92, 97, 99, 104, landmarks, 53, 56–7, 62–3, 68–71 108, 161, 248, 251 language, 6–7, 15, 19, 38, 59, 61, 83, mobilization, 61 91, 99, 139, 146, 156–7, 159, 172, spatial, 9, 34, 57, 75 174, 176, 193, 206–7, 218, 227 Modood, T., 2 English, 21–3, 26 moral economy, 111, 123–6 German, 179 moral–cultural capital, 123 Japanese, 150 motherland, 167, 190, 207–8, 210, schools, 22, 60, 106–7, 154, 171 222–3 Taiwanese, 172 Mudrooroo, N., 2 Law, Clara, 241 multiculturalism, 1, 16–17, 19, 97, life, 8, 21, 25–30, 48, 53, 83, 100, 107, 237, 249 113–15, 122, 190, 207, 214, 234 musical affect, 226, 228, 233, 238, 239 communal, 67–8, 71 cycle, 64–5, 102 Nagasaki, 148–50, 155 everyday, 36, 63, 78, 81, 154, 214, 240 Nanjing Massacre, 146 linkage, 63, 68, 70, 78, 90 nanyin, 227, 230, 232, 235, 237, 240–1 258 Index nationalism, 19, 156–7, 196, 232, 240 Presbyterian Church, 59, 66 nationality, 102, 136, 157, 234 public funding, 65 law, 130, 139 public places, 55, 60, 69, 197 nation-building, 1, 128, 130 see also communal places nation-state, 233, 239–40, 245–6, 249 needs, 2, 4, 7, 22, 52, 57–62, 64, 66, qiao-qing, 119 70, 82, 103, 113, 115, 119, 120–3 Qiaolianban, see Bureau of the New Racism, 249 Overseas Chinese Affairs non-Chinese, 20, 64, 69 qiaoxiang, 122–3, 126