Handbook of Adult Development The Plenum Series in Adult Development and Aging SERIES EDITOR: Jack Demick, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts ADULT DEVELOPMENT, THERAPY, AND CULTURE A Postmodern Synthesis Gerald D. Young AGING AND HUMAN MOTIVATION Ernest Furchtgott THE AMERICAN FATHER Biocultural and Developmental Aspects Wade C. Mackey THE CHANGING NATURE OF PAIN COMPLAINTS OVER THE LIFESPAN Michael R. Thomas and Ranjan Roy THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC IN ADULTHOOD Postformal Thought and Its Applications Jan D. Sinnott HANDBOOK OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT Edited by Jack Demick and Carrie Andreoletti HANDBOOK OF AGING AND MENTAL HEALTH An Integrative Approach Edited by Jacob Lomranz HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL GEROPSYCHOLOGY Edited by Michel Hersen and Vincent B. Van Hasselt HANDBOOK OF PAIN AND AGING Edited by David I. Mostofsky and Jacob Lomranz HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE SPIRITUAL LIFE How Consciousness Grows Toward Transformation Ronald R. Irwin HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD Lewis R. Aiken A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Handbook of Adult Development Edited by Jack Demick University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts and Carrie Andreoletti Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts Springer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of adult development/edited by Jack Demick, Carrie Andreoletti. p. cm. — (The Plenum series in adult development and aging) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5160-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-0617-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0617-1 1. Adulthood—Psychological aspects. 2. Adulthood—Social aspects. 3. Aging—Psychological aspects. 4. Developmental psychology. I. Demick, Jack. II. Andreoletti, Carrie, 1967- III. Series. BF724.5 .H36 2002 155.6—dc21 2002025686 ISBN 978-1-4613-5160-3 © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media New York), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 98765432 springeronline.com Contributors CARRIE ANDREOLETn, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 02454-9110 CHERYL ARMON, Education Programs, Antioch University Southern California, Los Angeles, Marina del Rey, California, 90292-7008 ROBERT ATKINS, Department of Nursing, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122-6072 SANDRA T. AZAR, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-3104 CATHERINE E. BARTON, Lynch School of Education, Program in Counseling Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3813 MICHAEL BASSECHES, Bureau of Study Counsel, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138-5091 CYNTHIA A. BERG, Department of Psychology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112-1102 MARY M. BRABECK, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3813 LAURA HESS BROWN, Department of Psychology, State University of New York, at Oswego, Oswego, New York, 13126-3599 JANE ALUN BYBEE, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114-2770 JOHN C. CAVANAUGH, Office ofthe President, University ofWest Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514-5750 ALISON H. CLIMO, Department of Social Work. Warren Wilson College, Ashville, North Carolina, 28815-9000 MICHAEL LAMPORT COMMONS, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115-6196 STEVEN W. CORNELIUS, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-4401 v vi Contributors THEO LINDA DAWSON, Graduate School of Education, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720-1670 JAMES M. DAY, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium JACK DEMICK, Center for Adoption Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605-2397 KURT W. FISCHER, Department of Human Development and Psychology, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138-3752 CARL GOLDBERG, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461­ 1975 HOWARD E. GRUBER, Teacher's College, Columbia University, New York, 10027­ 6696 DANIEL HART, Camden College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, 08102-1405 WILUAM J. HOYER, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 13244-2340 RUTHELLEN JOSSELSON, School of Psychology, The Fielding Graduate Institute, Santa Barbara, California, 93105-3538 and Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel EDITH F. KAPLAN, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114-2770 MAUREEN E. KENNY, Lynch School of Education, Program in Counseling Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3813 DEIRDRE KRAMER, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State Universtiy of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8040 OTTO E. LASKE, Personnel Development Consultation, Inc., West Medford, Massachusetts, 02155-3643 AUCE LoCICERO, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114-2770 GREG MICHAUD, The Fielding Institute, Santa Barbara, California, 93105-3538 DAVID MOSHMAN, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0345 MARGARET G. O'CONNOR, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215-5501 ELLEN PRUYNE, Human Development and Psychology, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138-3752 Contributors vii FRANCIS A. RICHARDS, Office of School Improvement, Rhode Island Department of Education, Providence, Rhode Island, 02903-3400 PAUL A. ROODIN, Office of Experience-Based Education, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York, 13126-3599 DAWN E. SCHRADER, Department of Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-4203 DOROTHY J. SHEDLOCK, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York, 13126-3599 ERIKA L. SHORE, Lynch School of Education, Program in Counseling Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3813 JAN D. SINNOTI, Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, 21252-0002 NANCY SOUTHERLAND, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6216 ROBERT J. STERNBERG, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-6614 ABIGAIL J. STEWART, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1318 LAURA TAHIR, Director of Psychology, Garden State Youth Correctional Facility, Highbridge Road, Yardville, New Jersey, 08620-9632 SEYMOUR WAPNER, Heinz Werner Institute for Developmental Analysis, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610-1477 YVONNE V. WELLS, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114-2770 SUSAN KRAuss WHITBOURNE, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-9271 DEBORAH J. YOUNGMAN, Department of Developmental Studies and Counseling, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215-1300 Preface This volume is an outgrowth of contemporary research on development over the adult lifespan, which by now has burgeoned and developed both nationally and internationally. However, for us, the impetus to be involved in this area was spawned and nurtured by our initial association with the Society for Research in Adult Development (SRAD) with its origins some 15 years ago by Michael Commons and his associates in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Through the good will and support of this society, we also became, and are still, heavily involved with the Journal ofAdult Development and the Kluwer-Plenum Monograph Series on Adult Development and Aging, of which this volume is a companion. Many of the contributions in the volume are from SRAD members, who con­ sistently adhere to a focus on positive adult development. Their chapters have been complemented by pieces from other researchers, who have adopted more mainstream approaches to adult development and/or aging. Regardless of the par­ ticular approach and/or focus of the chapter, all the work reported herein sup­ ports the relatively recent idea that development is not restricted to children and adolescents but continues throughout the adult lifespan in ways that we never envisioned some 20 years ago. Thus, the volume represents state-of-the-art theory, research, and practice on adult development, which has the potential to occupy us all for some time to come. When one writes or edits a book on adult development, it is