The Gendered Economy Series Editors: Sara Cantillon and Diane Elson This path-breaking new series critically examines the economy and the theory and methodology of economics through the lens of gender. It will publish original and incisive research that explores the role of gender in the contemporary global economy. The series showcases how economic relationships, actions and institutions are directly affected by gender norms, how a gendered perspective illuminates aspects of the economy that would otherwise be ignored, and challenges many of the tenets that underpin both the mainstream and heterodox interpretation of how economies function. Published Collective Bargaining and Gender Equality Jane Pillinger and Nora Wintour The Economy’s Other Half James Heintz The Sex Economy Monica O’Connor COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND GENDER EQUALITY Jane Pillinger and Nora Wintour We dedicate this book to our sisters © Jane Pillinger and Nora Wintour 2019 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 2019 by Agenda Publishing Agenda Publishing Limited The Core Bath Lane Newcastle Helix Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TF www.agendapub.com ISBN 978-1-78821-076-8 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan Printed and bound in the UK by Short Run Press Ltd, Exeter, Devon Contents Acknowledgements vii Acronyms ix Foreword by Series Editors xv 1. Introduction 1 2. The gender dimensions of collective bargaining 9 3. Collective bargaining as a tool for gender equality: evidence from across the world 35 4. Changing employment patterns, precarious and informal work, and the challenge for collective bargaining 89 5. The global dimension of collective bargaining: the role of global framework agreements in promoting gender equality 113 6. Conclusion 129 References 145 Index 169 v Acknowledgements We want to thank the many women and men we have worked with over the years in national and global unions, in social dialogue structures and in the ILO, whose work and dedication to gender equality have provided much of the inspiration for us in writing this book. Thanks also go to our editor at Agenda, Alison Howson, who gave much appreciated advice and suggestions during the writing of the book; to Steven Gerrard for guidance and support during the publishing process; and to Tomáš Žák for his great help with the index. vii Acronyms 3F Denmark United Federation of Danish Workers ACTU Australian Council of Trade Unions AEU Australian Education Union AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations AIBTMF All India Brick and Tiles Manufacturing Federation ANCI Associazione Nazionale Comuni Italiani [National Association of Italian Communes] ANEF Agrupación Nacional de Empleados Fiscales [National Association of Tax Employees of Chile] BAO Employers’ Association of the Swedish Banking Institutions BFAWU Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union, UK BWI Building and Woodworkers’ International CARVE Companies Against Gender Violence EU CBA collective bargaining agreement CCOO Comisiones Obreras [Workers’ Commission, Spain] CEACR ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations CEASE Europe European Corporate Network – involving companies to cease gender-based violence project CEDAW UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEEP Europe European Centre of Employers and Enterprises pro- viding Public Services and Services of general interest ix Collective Bargaining and Gender Equality CEMR Council of European Municipalities and Regions CGIL Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro [General Confederation of Labour, Italy] CISL Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori [Italian Confederation of Workers’ Trade Unions] CLC Canadian Labour Congress CMKOS Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions CNE Centrale national des employés [National Workers’ Centre, Belgium] CoESS Confédération européenne des services de sécurité [European Confederation of Security Services] COLSIBA Coordinadora Latinomericana de Sindicatos Bananeros y Agroindustriales [Coordinating Body of Latin American Banana and Agro-Industrial Unions] CONADU Federación Nacional de Docentes Universitarios [National Federation of University Teachers, Argentina] COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CoP Community of Practice CREVAWC Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children, Canada CSC Belgium Confédération des syndicats chrétiens [Confederation of Christian Trade Unions, Belgium] CUPE Canadian Union of Public Employees CUT Brazil Central Única dos Trabalhadores [United Workers’ Central] CUT Chile Central Unitaria de Trabajadores de Chile [Workers’ United Center of Chile] ECJ European Court of Justice EDF Électricté de France [Electricity of France] EFEE European Federation of Education Employers EI Education International EIS The Educational Institute of Scotland ENEL Ente nazionale per l’energia elettrica [National Electricity Board, Italy] x Acronyms EPSEL S.A. Entidad Prestadora de Servicio de Saneamiento de Lambayeque [Sanitation Services Enterprise of Lambayeque, Peru] EPSU European Public Service Union ESF European Structural Fund ETF European Transport Federation ETUC European Trade Union Confederation ETUCE European Trade Union Committee for Education ETUI European Trade Union Institute EPZ export processing zone EWC European Works Council FENTAP Federación de Trabajadores del Agua Potable y Alcantarillado del Perú [Federation of Workers of Drinking Water and Sewage Systems of Peru] FILTCEM Federazione Italiana Lavoratori Chimica Tessile Energia Manifatture [Italian Federation of Chemical, Textiles, Energy and Manufacturing Workers] FLAEI Federazione Lavoratori Aziende Elettriche Italiane [Italian Federation of Electricity Company Workers] FO Force Ouvrière [Workers’ Force, France] FMLA Family and Medical Leave Act FSU Finansförbundet [Financial Sector Union of Sweden] GDF Gaz de France [Gas of France] GFA global framework agreement GMB originally General Municipal Boilermakers GPA-djp Gewerkschaft der Privatangestellten, Druck, Journalismus, Papier [Union of Private Sector Employees, Printing, Journalism and Paper] GPMU Graphical, Paper and Media Union GRPS gender-responsive public services GTUC Ghana Trade Union Congress GUF Global Union Federation HRCT Nordic Nordic Hotel, Restaurant, Catering and Tourism Union xi Collective Bargaining and Gender Equality HK-Denmark Handels-og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund [Commerce and Office Workers Union of Denmark] HNSA HomeNet South Asia HOSPEEM European Hospital and Healthcare Employers’ Association IG-Metall Industriegewerkschaft Metall [Metalworkers’ Union, Germany] ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions IDWF International Domestic Workers Federation ILO International Labour Organization ITF International Transport Federation ITGWLF International Textile, Garment, Leather Workers Federation ITUC International Trade Union Confederation IFC International Finance Corporation IUF International Union of Food, Agriculture, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations KTO Denmark Kommunale Tjenestemænd og Overskomstansatte [Association of Local Government Employees’ Organizations] KUDHEIHA Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Educational Institutions, Hospitals and Allied Workers LO-Sweden Landsorganisationen i Sverige [National Organization, Sweden] MNCR Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materais Recicláveis [National Movement of Waste Pickers, Brazil] MNE multinational enterprise NASVI National Alliance of Street Vendors of India NHS National Health Service, UK NTEU National Tertiary Education Union, Australia NUS National Union of Students, UK OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development xii Acronyms ÖGB Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund [Austrian Trade Union Federation] PIT-CNT Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores-Convención Nacional de Trabajadores [Plenary of Workers’ Unions – National Convention of Workers] PRO-GE Die Produkutions Gewerkschaft [Manufacturing Trade Union, Austria] PCS Public and Commercial Services Union PSA Public Service Association Te Pūkenga Here Tikanga Mahi, New Zealand PSI Public Services International SACCAWU South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union SACO Sveriges Akademiker [Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations] SEWA Self-employed Women’s Association, India SSSS single spine salary system STUC Scottish Trades Union Congress SUTD Sindicato Único de Trabajadoras Domesticas [Trade Union of Domestic Workers, Uruguay] TUC Trades Union Congress, UK TUCA Trade Union Confederation of the Americas UATGWU Ugandan Amalgamated Transport and General Workers Union UBI universal basic income UCU University and College Union, UK UEAPME European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises UNCSW United National Commission on the Status of Women UNI Union Network International UNITE Unite – the Union, UK UNISON UNISON – the public service union, UK UIL Unione Italiana del Lavoro [Italian Labour Union] UILTEC Unione Italiana Lavoratori Tessile Energia Chimica [Italian Union of Textile, Energy and Chemical Workers] xiii Collective Bargaining and Gender Equality UPI Unione Province d’Italia [Union of Italian Provinces] UPTA Unión de Profesionales y Trabajadores Autónomos [Union of Professional Autonomous Workers,