Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints <http://cdli.ucla.edu/?q=cuneiform-digital-library-preprints> Hosted by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (<http://cdli.ucla.edu>) Number 1 Titel: “On the Old Babylonian Understanding of Sumerian Grammar” Author: Peter J. Huber (Altendorf, Switzerland) Posted to web: 4 September 2015 Peter J. Huber: On the Old Babylonian Understanding of Sumerian Grammar Abstract This essay is concerned with a closely knit collection of Old Babylonian bilingual verbal paradigms (OBGT VI-X, originally published in Materialien zum Sumerischen Lexikon IV, here reproduced with added English translations). It represents the results of my effort to understand the OB understanding of Sumerian grammar and the methodological differences between their way of operating and ours. I have consciously restricted myself to extract the Sumerian grammatical structure, as it was understood by the Babylonians, from their own grammatical texts alone. These highly sophisticated paradigms are the earliest serious grammatical documents in existence, and their richness is absolutely fascinating. They are hardly known outside of Sumerological circles and deserve wider publicity. The paradigms provide a detailed layout of the Sumerian verbal morpho- syntax. They seem to put special emphasis on precisely those aspects that still are controversial in modern Sumerian grammars. The views of the ancient grammarians sometimes diverge considerably from those of modern Sumerologists, possibly indicating that we are concerned with different languages (say a theoretical learned version underlying the OB scholarly tradition, and the language prevalent in the unilingual text corpus used by modern linguists). For example, the paradigms give a conscious, admirably clear segmentation of the so-called conjugation prefixes, somewhat different from the still controversial modern views. Flatly against modern opinion, they conspicuously separate the conjugation prefix /mu/, the ventive /m/, and the 1st person pronoun /mu/. OB Sumerian Grammar Contents Prefatory Note. ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1 Introduction. .................................................................................................................................... 6 2 The overall structure of the paradigms. .......................................................................................... 7 2.1 The texts.................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 The underlying grid structure. .................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Implied goals of the paradigms. .............................................................................................. 10 2.4 Normative systematization? ................................................................................................... 10 3 Comparing widely different languages.......................................................................................... 12 4 Peculiarities of the Akkadian column. ........................................................................................... 13 4.1 Non-assimilation of pronouns. ............................................................................................... 13 4.2 Peculiar use of Akkadian pronouns......................................................................................... 13 4.3 Nt-stems. ................................................................................................................................. 13 4.4 Negations. ............................................................................................................................... 13 5 Dialectal(?) variability. ................................................................................................................... 14 6 Sumerian verbal morpho-syntax: an overview. ............................................................................ 16 6.1 Subject and direct object. ....................................................................................................... 17 6.2 Subordinate subject. ............................................................................................................... 19 6.3 Oblique cases and oblique case pronouns. ............................................................................ 20 6.4 Conjugation prefixes. .............................................................................................................. 23 7 Conjugation and split ergativity. ................................................................................................... 24 7.1 Sumerian versus Akkadian conjugation: split ergativity. ........................................................ 24 7.2 Transitive and intransitive constructions. ............................................................................... 26 8 OBGT VII: an intransitive verb. ...................................................................................................... 28 8.1 OBGT VII: Compact listing of the non-indicative forms. ......................................................... 29 8.2 OBGT VII: Compact listing of the indicative forms. ................................................................. 30 8.3 OBGT VII: the systematic construction of the grid. ................................................................ 31 8.4 OBGT VII: directional prefixes /m/, /ba/ and /mma/. ............................................................ 31 8.5 OBGT VII: the ventive /m/ and the first person pronoun /mu/. ............................................. 32 8.6 OBGT VII: the stative inserts. .................................................................................................. 34 8.7 OBGT VII: the ittallak niāti inserts. ......................................................................................... 35 9 OBGT VI and X: transitive verbs. .................................................................................................... 36 9.1 OBGT VI: the grid structure of the paradigm. ......................................................................... 38 9.1.1 Some peculiarities of OBGT VI and X. .............................................................................. 39 9.2 OBGT VI: the non-indicative forms. ........................................................................................ 40 9.2.1 OBGT VI: differentiation between ventive and 1st person dative. .................................. 40 9.2.2 OBGT VI: the causative pronominal prefixes. .................................................................. 41 9.2.3 OBGT VI: dissimilation of bi2 to ni after labial + vowel. ................................................... 42 9.3 OBGT VI: regular indicative forms and the conjugation prefixes. .......................................... 43 9.3.1 On the use of the conjugation prefixes. .......................................................................... 44 9.4 OBGT VI: inserts and other irregularities. ............................................................................... 45 9.4.1 OBGT VI: unexpected stative constructions. ................................................................... 45 9.4.2 OBGT VI: the bi2-inserts and intransitive constructions. ................................................. 47 9.4.3 OBGT VI: N-stems. ........................................................................................................... 49 9.4.4 OBGT VI: curious -ta- forms. ............................................................................................ 49 Peter J. Huber 3 OB Sumerian Grammar 9.4.5 OBGT VI: Nt-stems. .......................................................................................................... 50 9.4.6 OBGT VI + X: present tense forms. .................................................................................. 52 10 OBGT VIII and IX: two-part verbs. ............................................................................................... 53 10.1 OBGT VIII: the structure of §1-23. ....................................................................................... 54 10.2 OBGT IX: the structure of §1-49. ......................................................................................... 55 10.3 OBGT VIII + IX: comparative discussion of the Ni-forms. .................................................... 57 10.4 OBGT VIII + IX: comparative discussion of the indicative forms. ........................................ 60 10.5 Dative or accusative? .......................................................................................................... 64 10.6 What did we gain from working through OBGT VIII and IX? ............................................... 65 11 N3513+N3592: a unilingual paradigm. ...................................................................................... 66 12 Varia. ........................................................................................................................................... 67 12.1 OBGT VIII: the paragraphs §24-38. ...................................................................................... 67 12.2 Baffling forms: unclear 1st person Sumerian imperatives. .................................................. 68 12.3 On the use of vowels. .........................................................................................................