Lect. Econ., 66 (enero-junio), pp. 47-82. © Universidad de Antioquia-Lecturas de Economía, 2007. Cliometrics: A Market Account of a Scientific Community (1957-2006) Angela Milena Rojas –Introduction. –I. A Pseudo-market for Scientific Communities. –II. The Golden Age: 1957-1975. –III. Internal Contraction and International Diffusion: 1976-1990. –IV. Toward Disciplinary and Global Integration: 1991-2006. –Conclusions. –References. Primera versión recibida en enero de 2007; versión final aceptada en abril de 2007 Lecturas de Economía. 66 (enero-junio 2007), pp 47-82 Angela Milena Rojas Cliometría: Una comunidad científica en el pseudo-mercado del conocimiento (1957-2006) Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar las principales contribuciones de la cliometría en la integración global y disciplinaria de las ciencias sociales. A través de una analogía de un pseudo-mercado del conocimiento son analizadas las presiones y respuestas que los cliometristas han enfrentado en tanto una empresa cuyo objetivo es proveer respuestas a ciertas preguntas que la sociedad formula. Basado en una valoración general de los productos cliométricos se encuentra que esta comunidad científica norteamericana revolucionó la práctica de la historia económica y ganó terreno frente a la competencia representada por la historia tradicional. Posteriormente, los cliometristas difundieron sus innovaciones internacionalmente, pero atravesaron divisiones internas que en última instancia han enriquecido sus prácticas y llamado a cooperar con otras comunidades científicas. Palabras clave: cliometría, nueva historia económica, metodología en historia económica, comunidad científica, paradigma de investigación científica, métodos en ciencias sociales. Clasificación JEL: N01, A12, B41. Abstract: This paper aims at assessing the main contributions of cliometrics toward the global and disciplinary integration of social sciences. Through an analogy of a pseudo- market of knowledge it develops an analysis of pressures and responses that cliometricians have faced insofar as an enterprise whose goal is to provide answers to certain questions that society asks. Based on a general appraisal of cliometric-like products, it is found that this U.S. scientific community revolutionized the practice of economic history and gained terrain before the competing traditional history. Subsequently, cliometricians spread their innovations internationally but got through internal divisions which ultimately have enriched their practices and prompted them to cooperate with other scientific communities. Keywords: cliometrics, new economic history, methodology in economic history, scientific community, scientific research paradigm, methods in social sciences. JEL classification: N01, A12, B41. Résumé: Cet article évalue les principales contributions de la cliométrie dans le processus d’intégration globale et disciplinaire des sciences sociales. A travers l’utilisation d’une analogie concernant l’existence d’un pseudo-marché de la connaissance, on fait une analyse des questions et des réponses auxquelles les cliométristes ont fait face en tant qu’entrepreneurs, dont leur but est celui de fournir des réponses aux questions formulées par la société. L’appréciation générale des produits de la cliométrie se trouve dans l’impacte sur la communauté scientifique aux Etats-Unis, laquelle a bouleversée l´étude de l’histoire économique face à l’étude de l’histoire économique traditionnelle. Ultérieurement, les cliométristes ont diffusé leurs découvertes au niveau international mais ils ont été victimes des divisions internes qui ont entrainé un enrichissement de leur savoir-faire tout en faisant appel aux autres communautés scientifiques. Mots clés: Cliométrie, nouvelle histoire économique, méthodologie de l’histoire économique, communauté scientifique, paradigme dans la recherche scientifique, méthodes des sciences sociales. Classification JEL: N01, A12, B41. Lect. Econ., 66 (enero-junio), pp. 47-82. © Universidad de Antioquia-Lecturas de Economía, 2007. Cliometrics: A Market Account of a Scientific Community (1957-2006) Angela Milena Rojas* –Introduction. –I. A Pseudo-market for Scientific Communities. –II. The Golden Age: 1957-1975. –III. Internal Contraction and International Diffusion: 1976-1990. –IV. Toward Disciplinary and Global Integration: 1991-2006. –Conclusions. –References. Primera versión recibida en enero de 2007; versión final aceptada en abril de 2007 Introduction The modern period in economic history began properly in the latter part of the nineteenth century in Britain, Ireland and Germany, where the field was seen as a separate discipline. Only in the earlier twentieth century, did U.S. scholars come into the field. The tension between the use of theory and detailed historical knowledge as methods pervaded the discussions of the British and German historical schools and the American institutional school. It is after the Second World War when a substantial change took place in the field led by American economists with the emergence of cliometrics. Cliometrics would bring a dynamic development of this disciplinary hybrid, nonetheless, not absent of contradictions and criticisms. Other terms such as new economic history, quantitative economic history, econometric history and historical economics have been associated with this approach at different times and connotations. This paper aims at understanding the evolution of cliometrics. The main goal is to show how this approach to study the economic past has emerged, * Angela Milena Rojas Rivera: Teacher and researcher at the Department of Economics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected]. co. Contact address: Calle 67 No. 53-108, Of. 13-125, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. �����������������������������������������������������������������������������This article was developed as a research project while I pursued my master in Economics at the University of Kansas, U.S.A. I am deeply grateful to several scholars who patiently read this article and generously made observations and suggestions. Rojas: Cliometrics: A Market Account of a Scientific Community (1957-2006) diffused and evolved to assess its main contributions toward building more meaningful social sciences. By shedding light on this evolution the extant and coming generations of economic historians will be better equipped to discern valuable achievements from old battles fought by traditional historians and cliometricians as well as among those also called new economic historians and economists. Coming generations need to get rid of artificial dilemmas like those posed by a traditional and a scientific method of research in history and overall the traditional dilemmas brought by the artificial opposition between science vs. humanities and philosophy (Wallerstain, 2004). I believe that cliometrics have brought powerful tools to enrich the scholarship in economic history but users of such tools need to be methodologically informed in order to widen their comprehension of historical analysis. To accomplish this article’s goal I find it useful to use an analogy from economics which is to consider cliometrics as a collective enterprise managed by a scientific community whose goal is to provide or produce explanations of a set of questions that society asks. Historically, scientific communities emerged as organizations devoted to methodically produce knowledge following a nineteenth-century structure of social sciences; that is to say, through disciplinary divisions sanctioned by modern universities. In the twentieth century, market forces prominently drove human and non- human capital investment, leading scholars and their societies build market- like mechanisms to the resource allocation problem of creating knowledge with limited resources and alternative uses. Thinking of a pseudo-market of knowledge helps us observe more systematically pressures and responses that cliometricians have faced insofar as an enterprise that has competed, exchanged and evolutionarily cooperated with other scientific communities. This analogy fits particularly well since this U.S. scientific community, and overall U.S. academia, has shown to be pervaded by market-like mechanisms of competition (Coats, 1980). What this analogy seeks to underscore is the role played by cliometricians in building richer social sciences. This is a point not explicitly developed by the most recent studies on U.S. cliometrics like Greif’s (1997a) and Lamoureaux’s (1998). These articles are methodological reviews concentrated on either showing cliometricians’ latest developments or criticisms. This article draws upon these assessments but goes beyond by framing them as part of this scientific community’s evolution. In tracking this evolution, accounts of insiders —American cliometricians and economists—, provide the foundations. In these sense, this account is 50 51 mainly “internalist” and has a modest scope. A depth analysis which takes into account external criticisms from other thought schools, the relationships of cliometricians with other communities inside and outside economics, and the role of politics, power an authority is still required. The latter elements would help to craft a complete picture truly based upon the sociology of science. Clearly, this article just offers a first piece of the picture; besides, it was not meant to be a historiography of the field although it refers to main works and trends in U.S. publications previously identified