Georgia Standards of Excellence Curriculum Frameworks Mathematics 8th Grade Unit 2: Exponents and Equations Georgia Department of Education Georgia Standards of Excellence Framework GSE Grade 8 • Exponents and Equations Unit 2 Exponents and Equations TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................3 STANDARDS ADDRESSED IN THIS UNIT ...................................................................4 STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE .......................................................4 STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL CONTENT ........................................................4 BIG IDEAS ..........................................................................................................................5 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS .................................................................................................6 FLUENCY ...........................................................................................................................6 SELECTED TERMS AND SYMBOLS ..............................................................................7 EVIDENCE OF LEARNING ..............................................................................................8 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT LESSONS (FAL) ..............................................................9 SPOTLIGHT TASKS ..........................................................................................................9 3-ACT TASKS................................................................................................................... 9 TASKS ............................................................................................................................. 10 • Edges of Squares and Cubes ................................................................................ 12 • Decimal Approximations of Square Roots .........................................................18 • Rational or Irrational Reasoning? ..........................................................................28 • Repeating Decimals (FAL) ....................................................................................34 • A Few Folds. .........................................................................................................36 • Got Cubes? Revisited (Spotlight Task)..................................................................40 • Alien Attack ...........................................................................................................44 • Nesting Dolls .........................................................................................................52 • Exponential Exponents ..........................................................................................57 • Exploring Powers of 10 .........................................................................................62 • “Ponzi” Pyramid Scheme (Short Cycle Task) .... ..................................................73 • Estimating Length Using Scientific Notation (FAL) ............................................76 • E. coli .....................................................................................................................78 • Giantburgers (Short Cycle Task) ...........................................................................83 • 100 People (Short Cycle Task).............................................................................. 90 • Geology Rocks Equations…………………………………………………….......93 • Solving Linear Equations in One Variable (FAL) ...............................................102 • Writing for a Math Website .................................................................................105 • Culminating Task: Integer Exponents & Scientific Notation …..........................112 Mathematics • GSE Grade 8 • Unit 2: Exponents and Equations July 2019 • Page 2 of 114 Georgia Department of Education Georgia Standards of Excellence Framework GSE Grade 8 • Exponents and Equations OVERVIEW In this unit student will: • distinguish between rational and irrational numbers and show the relationship between the subsets of the real number system; • recognize that every rational number has a decimal representation that either terminates or repeats; • recognize that irrational numbers must have decimal representations that neither terminate nor repeat; • understand that the value of a square root can be approximated between integers and that non–perfect square roots are irrational; • locate rational and irrational numbers on a number line diagram; • use the properties of exponents to extend the meaning beyond counting-number exponents; • recognize perfect squares and cubes, understanding that non-perfect squares and non- perfect cubes are irrational; • recognize that squaring a number and taking the square root of a number are inverse operations; likewise, cubing a number and taking the cube root are inverse operations; • express numbers in scientific notation; • compare numbers, where one is given in scientific notation and the other is given in standard notation; • compare and interpret scientific notation quantities in the context of the situation; • use laws of exponents to add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers written in scientific notation; • solve one-variable equations with the variables being on both sides of the equals sign, including equations with rational numbers, the distributive property, and combining like terms; and • analyze and represent contextual situations with equations, identify whether there is one, none, or many solutions, and then solve to prove conjectures about the solutions. Although the units in this instructional framework emphasize key standards and big ideas at specific times of the year, routine topics such as estimation, mental computation, and basic computation facts should be addressed on an ongoing basis. Ideas related to the eight practice standards should be addressed constantly as well. To assure that this unit is taught with the appropriate emphasis, depth, and rigor, it is important that the tasks listed under “Evidence of Learning” be reviewed early in the planning process. A variety of resources should be utilized to supplement this unit. This unit provides much needed content information, but excellent learning activities as well. The tasks in this unit illustrate the types of learning activities that should be utilized from a variety of sources. Mathematics • GSE Grade 8 • Unit 2: Exponents and Equations July 2019 • Page 3 of 114 Georgia Department of Education Georgia Standards of Excellence Framework GSE Grade 8 • Exponents and Equations STANDARDS ADDRESSED IN THIS UNIT Mathematical standards are interwoven and should be addressed throughout the year in as many different units and activities as possible in order to emphasize the natural connections that exist among mathematical topics. STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE Refer to the Comprehensive Course Overview for more detailed information about the Standards for Mathematical Practice. 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. 4. Model with mathematics. 5. Use appropriate tools strategically. 6. Attend to precision. 7. Look for and make use of structure. 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL CONTENT Work with radicals and integer exponents. MGSE8.EE.1 Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent 1 1 numerical expressions. For example, 32 × 3(–5) = 3(–3) = = . 33 27 MGSE8.EE.2 Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations. Recognize that x2 = p (where p is a positive rational number and lxl < 25) has 2 solutions and x3 = p (where p is a negative or positive rational number and lxl < 10) has one solution. Evaluate square roots of perfect squares < 625 and cube roots of perfect cubes > -1000 and < 1000. MGSE8.EE.3 Use numbers expressed in scientific notation to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other. For example, estimate the population of the United States as 3 × 108 and the population of the world as 7 × 109, and determine that the world population is more than 20 times larger. MGSE8.EE.4 Add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used. Understand scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities (e.g. use millimeters per year for seafloor spreading). Interpret scientific notation that has been generated by technology (e.g. calculators). MGSE8.EE.7 Solve linear equations in one variable. Mathematics • GSE Grade 8 • Unit 2: Exponents and Equations July 2019 • Page 4 of 114 Georgia Department of Education Georgia Standards of Excellence Framework GSE Grade 8 • Exponents and Equations MGSE8.EE.7a. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form x = a, a = a, or a = b results (where a and b are different numbers). MGSE8.EE.7b. Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive