Sources and Air Carrier Use DOT-VNTSC-FAA-91-1 of Aviation Weather Information DOT/FAA/FS-91/1 Flight Standards Service Washington, D.C. 20591 John Turner M. Stephen Huntley, Jr. U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration Jphn A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142 June 1991 This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 © U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Departments of Transportation and Defense in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report Technicol Report Documentation Page t. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Cotolog No. DOT/FAA/FS-91/1 4. TifU and Subtitle 5. Report Oate Sources and Air Carrier Use of Aviation Weather June 1991 Information 6. Performing Organisation Code DTS-45 8. Performing Organisation Report No. 7. Author'.) D0T-VNTSC-FAA-91-1 John Turner, M. Stephen Huntley, Jr. 9. Performing. Organisation Nona and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) U.S. Department of Transportation FA1E2/A1070 Research and Special Programs Administration 11. Contract or Grant No. John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report 12. Sponsoring Agoney Nemo and Addrot* U.S. Department of Transportation January 1988 - March 1989 Federal Aviation Administration Flight Standards Service 14. Sponsoring Agoney Code "Washington, DC 20591 AFS-430 15. Supplementary Natal 16. Abstract This report is concerned with the use of weather information by air carriers. It describes the type of information obtained, the sources of that information, and the training provided to flight crews in the interpretation and use of weather information. Data from 17 major and regional airlines and seven vendors were included in this study. In addition, the results of a limited survey of airline pilots conducted by ALPA were used. It was found that despite the fact that a great deal of terminal en route, and forecast weather information is available, flight crews often receive less information than they would like, and much of what they receive is not timely. Examples of weather not provided by some companies includes station weather observations or forecasts for the areas of departure, en route, or destination. This report includes recommendations for the minimum amount and type of weather information that should be disseminated to airline flight crews for preflight briefings. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL Weather, Forecast, Training, INFORMATION SERVICE.SPRINGFIELD. Weather Briefing VIRGINIA 22161 19. Security dossil, (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 58 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized PREFACE This report is concerned with the use of weather information by air carriers. It describes the type of information obtained, the sources of that information, and the training provided to flight crews in the interpretation and use of weather information. Data from 17 major and regional airlines and seven vendors were included in this study. In addition, the results of a limited survey of airline pilots conducted by ALPA were used. This report was prepared by the Operator Performance and Safety Analysis Division of the Office of Research and Analysis at the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (VNTSC) for the Special Programs Branch of the Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration. This report was completed under the direction of VNTSC Program Manager M. Stephen Huntley, Jr. Research for the report and its preparation were the responsibility of John W. Turner of EG&G Dynatrend. 111 METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS METRIC TO ENGUSH ENGLISH TO METRIC LENGTH (approximate) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 11nch(in) e 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter(mm) a 0.04inch(in) 1 foot (ft) o 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) • 0.4 inch(in) 1yard(yd) a 0.9meter (m) 1 meter (m) - 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile(mi) a 1.6kilometers (km) 1meter (m) a 1.1 yards(yd) 1kilometer (km) > 0.6mile(mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1square inch (sq in,in1) b 6.5square centimeters (cm2) 1square centimeter (cm') a 0.16 square inch (sq in, in') 1 squarefoot (sq ft, ft') e 0.09square meter (m') 1square meter (m') a 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd') 1squareyard(sqyd, yd3) a 0.8squaremeter (m') 1square kilometer (km') a 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mP) 1 square mile(sqmi, mi1} a 2.6squarekilometers(km1) 1 hectare(he)a 10,000 squaremeters (m') a2.5acres 1acre = 0.4 hectares (he) » 4,000 square meters (m') MASS • WEIGHT (approximate) MASS - WEIGHT (approximate) 1 ounce (oz) a 28 grams (gr) 1gram (gr) s 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) s .45kilogram (kg) 1kilogram (kg) a 22 pounds (lb) 1 short ton a 2,000 pounds (lb) a 0.9 tonne (t) 1tonne (t) a 1,000kilograms (kg)a 1.1 shorttons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) a 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) a 0.03fluidounce (fIoz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (I) a 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fI oz) a 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (I) a 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) a 0.24 liter (I) 1 liter (I) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) o 0.47 liter (I) 1 cubicmeter (m») a 36 cubicfeet (cuft. ft') 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (I) 1 cubicmeter (m») a 1J cubicyards (cuyd. yd') 1 gallon (gal) = 3.6 liters (I) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft') a 0.03 cubic meter (mJ) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd') • 0.76 cubic meter(m') TEMPERATURE, (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) I(9/5)y + 32],C a x'F [(x-32)(5/9)J,Fo y'C QUICK INCH-CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION INCHES 10 CENTIMETERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 | 25.40 QUICK FAHRENHEIT-CELCIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION f -40* -22' -4* 14* 32* 50' 68* 86* 104* 122* 140* 158* 176* 194* 212* -I 1 1 1 1 i 1 ! 1 1 1 I 1 I H 'C -40* -30* -20' -10' 0* 10* 20* 30* 40* 53* CO* 70* 80* 90* 100* For more exact and'or other conversion factors, see NBS Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price S2.50. SD Catalog No. C13 10 286. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Reason for Weather Information Study l-l 1.2 Method used 1-2 2. SOURCES OF AVIATION WEATHER 2-1 2.1 Vendor sources 2-1 2.2 Other sources 2-4 2.3 Sources utilized by the air carriers 2-5 3. WEATHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO AIRLINE CREWS 3-1 3.1 Information provided in dispatch packages for prerelease briefing 3-1 3.2 Sources available for additional briefing prior to release 3-5 3.3 Sources available for additional briefing en route 3-8 4. TRAINING OF AIRLINE CREWS IN WEATHER INFORMATION USE AND INTERPRETATION 4-1 5. RESULTS OF ALPA SURVEY 5-1 6. RECOMMENDATIONS 6-1 APPENDIX A A-l GLOSSARY G-l LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1-1 WEATHER SERVICES OFFERED BY VENDORS 1-3 2-1 WEATHER SERVICES UTILIZED BY AIRLINES 2-6 3-1 WEATHER BRIEFING PROVIDED CREWS - PRIOR TO DEPARTURE 3-4 3-2 WEATHER BRIEFING PROVIDED CREWS - ADDITIONAL SOURCES AVAILABLE PRIOR TO DEPARTURE AND EN ROUTE SOURCES AVAILABLE 3-6 4-1 TRAINING METHODS AND MATERIALS 4-2 VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Federal Aviation Regulations cover, in varying degrees, the subject of weather information: weather information sources allowed by regulation; weather information dissemination by the airlines to their crews for briefing; and, training of crews in the use and interpretation of weather information. This study was undertaken to determine to what extent the airline industry needs more specific guidance governing weather information to be provided to flight crews. A study of 17 airlines, major and regional, was conducted. Fifteen were interviewed on-site, and two were contacted by telephone. Seven weather vendors were contacted to get a sampling of services available to the airlines. Four of. these were visited on-site, two submitted information on their services, and the representative of another vendor was interviewed during a visit to a carrier at which he was present. Concurrently, ALPA (Airline Pilots Association) conducted a survey of airline pilots and kindly let us use the results for inclusion in our work. Most of the airlines contacted in this study use a combination of weather information sources - receiving all the FAA 604 and National Weather Service data, and utilizing the services of the weather vendors. Of the airlines studied, more than 50 percent utilize more than one vendor source. However, only 35 percent of the studied airlines take advantage of the customized services offered by the vendors. (It is not clear whether the customized services available from the weather vendors constitute a "source approved" by the NWS.) Customized services, such as tailored station forecasts, can be very useful to an airline. The forecasts provided by the NWS frequently have conditional remarks which are operationally limiting. They are also designed for a wide spectrum of users, rather than specifically for the airline industry.