MANOOMIN Version 1.0 December 2019 Peter David Lisa David Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark Ph.D. Kekek Jason Stark Esq. Sean Niso-Asin Fahrlander Jason Manidoonoodin Schlender DEDICATION This document is dedicated to the elders, ricers, and especially the off-reservation rice chiefs who have shared their manoomin knowledge and insights with the authors over the years. The generous sharing from these knowledge holders provided the foundation and the framework for everything that follows. Additionally, these knowledge holders have unfailingly recognized the contributions of those who came before them by sharing their knowledge and stories of manoomin as well. It is therefore impossible to recognize all the individuals who contributed to this document in meaningful ways, but we recognize those who made extraordinary contributions, namely: Joe Chosa Lac du Flambeau Roger McGeshick Sr. Sokaogon Chippewa Dewey Isham Lac Courte Oreilles James Peterson Lac du Flambeau Roger LaBine Lac Vieux Desert Brian Poupart Lac du Flambeau Susie Matrious St. Croix Conrad St. John St. Croix Archie McGeshick Lac Vieux Desert William Wildcat Lac du Flambeau Peter McGeshick Jr. Sokaogon Chippewa A sincere Chi Miigwech for sharing your spirit, knowledge, dedication to and love of manoomin, and we ask your forgiveness for our failures to adequately capture your wisdom. The Authors ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXTERNAL REVIEWERS: Chi Miigwech for sharing your expertise and for your deep commitment to manoomin. Our appreciation is extended to Annette Drewes Ph.D., Dr. Jim Meeker and Ray Norgaard. INTERNAL REVIEWERS: Miigwech for your efforts to help shape and organize the final document. Thank you to Jonathan Gilbert Ph.D., Miles Falck, Ann McCammon-Soltis, Melonee Montano, Philomena Kebec, Emily Nelis and Candace Kraft. IN PARTICULAR: We particularly appreciate the lasting contributions of both Jim Meeker and Sean Niso-Asin Fahrlander who walked on before this document was completed. Preferred citation: P. David et al. 2019. Manoomin, Version 1.0. Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission. 158 pgs. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 BEZHIG (1): MANOOMIN’S RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE ORDERS OF CREATION .............................................. 8 MANOOMIN – THE PLANTS AND WHERE THEY WERE PLACED ..................................................................................................... 8 MANOOMIN AND THE FIRST ORDER OF CREATION ......................................................................................................................... 11 SEDIMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 WATER ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 FIRE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 WIND ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 MANOOMIN’S INFLUENCE ON THE FIRST ORDER OF CREATION ................................................................................................... 13 LIFE CYCLE ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 MANOOMIN AND THE SECOND ORDER OF CREATION: THE PLANTS ......................................................................................... 17 MANOOMIN AND THE THIRD ORDER OF CREATION: THE ANIMALS .......................................................................................... 18 MANOOMIN AND THE FOURTH ORDER OF CREATION: HUMANS ................................................................................................ 21 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... 21 A CULTURE OF MANOOMIN ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 THE DISCOVERY OF MANOOMIN............................................................................................................................................................. 22 MIGRATION OF THE ANISHINAABE ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 NUTRITIONAL VALUE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 26 MANOOMIN AS A FOUNDATION FOR OTHER SUBSISTENCE HARVESTS .................................................................................... 27 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 27 OTHER HEALTH BENEFITS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28 THE CONTEMPORARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND MANOOMIN ........................................................................ 28 NIIZH (2): FOURTH ORDER RELATIONSHIPS: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ............................................................... 29 EXPLICIT RESERVATION OF MANOOMIN ............................................................................................................................................ 29 TREATY RESERVED RIGHTS RECOGNITION AND AFFIRMATION ................................................................................................. 29 TREATY TERRITORY MANOOMIN SELF-REGULATORY SYSTEM: THE MANOOMIN PROVISIONS ..................................... 30 WISCONSIN ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 STIPULATION AND CONSENT DECREE IN REGARD TO THE TRIBAL HARVEST OF WILD RICE: LAC COURTE OREILLES BAND V. WISCONSIN ................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 VOIGT INTERTRIBAL TASK FORCE PROTOCOL ON MANOOMINIKEWIN (WILD RICE HARVEST) LEVELS ........................... 32 MODEL CODE ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 OTHER MATTERS PERTAINING TO MANOOMIN IN WISCONSIN ....................................................................................................... 33 MINNESOTA ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 TREATY CONSERVATION CODE IN MINNESOTA .................................................................................................................................. 34 OTHER MATTERS PERTAINING TO MANOOMIN IN MINNESOTA ..................................................................................................... 34 MICHIGAN CEDED TERRITORY: TREATY TERRITORY MANOOMIN SELF-REGULATORY SYSTEM ................................... 35 OTHER MATTERS PERTAINING TO MANOOMIN IN MICHIGAN ........................................................................................................ 35 FEDERAL LANDS......................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 NISWI (3): FOURTH ORDER RELATIONSHIPS: MANOOMIN HARVEST .............................................................. 37 THE RICING MOON: TRADITIONAL HARVESTING AND FINISHING ................................................................................................. 37 TRADITIONAL RICE CHIEFS .................................................................................................................................................................... 37 OPENING OF THE MANOOMIN BEDS / RICING CAMPS .................................................................................................................... 37 HARVESTING TECHNIQUES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40 ASEMAAKEWIN (OFFERING TOBACCO) ................................................................................................................................................. 40 MANOOMINIKEWIN (MAKING WILD RICE) .........................................................................................................................................