perogative as that of St. Lucia, a decoration of merit, with the title of Knight, to the four Guardian presidents, the Secretary and the Chairman. He describes the cross as having forked arms of 8 points, surmounted by a wreath of laurel suspended on a cordon formed of links of gold. The center had the tiara on a white enamel field encircled by a blue ring with: "PIUS IX PONT. INSTo ANN0 MDCCCXLVII". On the reverse was a harp laid upon two trumpets in a diagonal cross° On the blue band were letters of gold: "SOLIDITAS et ACADEMIA PONTIFI- CIA SANCTAE CAECILIAE URBIS"o The uniform of the academy is similar to that of St. Lucia. Elvin describes the cross as plain and enameled blue, surmounted by a laurel wreath enameled green, which is attached to the cross by a gold chain. On a white center within an arch of blue, is the Papal Tiara° The motto is, "SOLIDITAS et ACADEMIA PONTIFICIA So CAECILIAE"o THE INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC ORDERS RESEARCH IN BERLIN "Institut F~Ir Wissenschaftliche 0rdenskunde in Berlin" There are very few areas of historical research which stand so much in the twilight between radiant glory and cheap quackery as much as the so-called "orders knowledge" (ordenskunde)o There has been too little research done in this heretofore neglected area of cultural history, whereas others have had a scientific approach established for them for well over a hundred years. For example, just consider a few of these historical-cultural supplementary sciences - such as heraldry, geneology and sigillography - to make such a comparison. The entire area of orders-research has been lacking a systematic re- search approach. For these reasons, the International Orders Research Society was founded in Berlin in 1951. As its goal, established for the first time, it had set the scientific research and publication by parts of the "ordenskunde". After its initial decade, the society had achieved good results, but an additional step was deemed neces- sary. Again, for the first time in the development of cultural his- tory, an institute with the above (title of this article) given name was founded with headquarters in Berlin. The limitations of study of this institute does not confine it- self to wearable orders, badges and medals, but it also encompasses the so-called "stiftserden" (orders of chapters and foundations); modern society orders, tournaments and nobility badges; various pri- zes with and without badges; sports awards and badges; all other achievement and activity badges; non-wearable award medals; further- more anything which is in the line of awards. In addition to the above listing, the study also embraces badges of office, such as office chains of mayors, rectors, and deans of in- stitutes of learning, etc., etc. Similarly, subjects such as order costumes, method of wear, history of manufacturers, etCo, is to be treated within the frame of study of this institute. Unfortunately, prior to this, there had never been any other similar institute in the entire world - either on a national or in- ternational level - which had engaged in this work° So, it was deemed extremely necessary to co-ordinate the end results of such pursuits in a single place to ease research and publication. As a result, currently this institute is in possession of: A) An "ordenskunde" specialized library, with more than 4500 volumes, which is the outstanding one of its kind. It con- tains, in addition to the older publications of the 16th and 17th century, the main comprehensive coverage of the entire international writings of the 19th and 20th century. B) A photo archive of over 28,000 photos with negatives, a basic foundation for all works in the area of orders-research. Presently each month, about 300 to 400 awards of all nations and kinds come on loan from all parts of the world. These are investigated scientifically and a photo record is made in the photo lab of the institute. C) There is also a text archive of about 230,000 pages, which contains an almost complete collection of domestic and for- eign statutes, lists of awards, copies of original documents (a portion of which reproduce originals lost during WoW° 2), smaller order publications from newspapers and magazines, etc. D) For the first time, a worked-out scientific bibliography of erdenskunde with about 23,000 titles exists, giving a revue of the entire known printed material on this subject. E) In addition to ether material, such as a general reference library, a small sample specialized collection of orders and decorations is available. The main purpose of this institute is the publication of scien- tific treatsies on an international basis. In this respect, the in- stitute in conjunction with the International Orders Research Society (I.0.R.So) publishes the following: The series "0rdenskunde". il The orders encyclopaedia "0rders-Lexicon". The series "Deutsche Auszeichnungen"o 4) The publication "Archiv f~r 0rdenskunde" Furthermore, there is in preparation a series of publications on the history of orders and decorations by individual country, being mon- ographs on the history of awards. Now in preparation are those which will treat Madagascar, the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. The now thoroughly renovated institute has its headquarters in the heart of Berlin (1 Berlin 12, Leibnizstrasse 48), near the famous Kurf~rstendamm. Presently, it provides for eight positions. Each inquiry is answered if possible. In 1964, 2796 letters were written in which the institute gave out information@ Dr. Kurt-Gerhard Klietmann is the Director° We are also pleased to say that Dr. Klietmann is one of the Honorary Members of 0.M.S.A. The above article was taken from information supplied us from Dr. Klietmann and was translated from the original German by Walter P. Huber and Gary C. Krug. MEDAL OF FIDELITY AND HONOR - 181~ OF SWITZERLAND by Walter H. Burki In 1797, Napoleon had forced Switzerland to provide and maintain four regiments of Swiss troops for his army. When Napoleon was de- feated and exiled to Elba, these four regiments were taken into the service of the French Monarchy by decree of 15 April 1814, and took the oath of service to King Louis XVIII. On 5 March 1815, Napoleon again landed in France, and many of the French troops joined him. King Louis XVIII left Paris, escorted by his "Company of One Hundred Swiss", while the four Swiss regiments moved from the palace to their casernes and immediately sent a cour- ier to Switzerland to ask for instructions. Napoleon arrived in Paris unopposed, took up residence in the palace, and on 21 March ordered the Commander of the Swiss regiments, yon Affry, to appear before him. Von Affr~ declared that his troops would serve no one until the courier returned from Switzerland. On 1 April the courier returned with orders that all Swiss regi- ments were to return to Switzerland, the Swiss government having been warned by the Allies that grave consequences would follow if the Swiss regiments went into Nap61eents service. Napoleon was informed of the intention of the Swiss regiments to return to their country, and he accepted this decision on condi- tion that any one who wished to join Napoleents army should have the opportunity to do so. On 5 April the Swiss laid down their arms after receiving a promise that 100 men could leave each day. 0nly two offi- cers were permitted to remain with each hundred men, and all other officers were ordered to leave France within 24 hours@ Napoleon then separated the officers from the privates and at- tempted to persuade the Swiss soldiers to join him by offering double pay and a promotion to captain for the sergeants, to lieutenant for corporals. Although only hunger and poverty awaited them in Switzer- land, the Swiss soldiers remained faithful° 0nly 50 or 60 accepted Napoleon’s offer. Most of these turncoats died at Waterloo; of the few who survived and later returned to Switzerland, the officers were exiled for 5 years while the privates received 50 strokes with the paddle and had their heads shaved and their long moustaches cut off. Due to the loyalty of the Swiss regiments in maintaining the neutrality of their country, Switzerland received the Cantons of Ge- neva, Neuchatel and Valais at the Peace ~f Paris in 1815o On 20 April 1815 the Swiss Diet ("Tagsatzung"), where the dele- gates from the Cantons met on federal matters, decided that the firm- ness and loyalty of the troops, who had refused to serve Napoleon, deserved the gratitude of the whole nation, and that a diplomatic and military commission should find a suitable token of gratitude to be given to all officers and soldiers of the four regiments. On 12 June 1815 the Diet decided that the medal to be awarded to all officers, NC0s and soldiers should be of silvem, of the weight of one Swiss franc, and the design was specified. On 16 June the diplomatic and military commission made one change, deciding on a laurel wreath in- stead of an oak wreath on the reverse, and an order for 2200 pieces was given to Mint Master Fuenter. The medal was distributed to the soldiers, with a federal flag for each battalion and accompanied by a small gift in silver, on the "place of promenade near Yverdun" on 12 Oct. 1815. For this reason, the medal is mentioned in some French books as Medal of Yverdun, also as Medal of the Reunion. The awards were made at a great open air celebration, with a banquet and plenty of wine. A smaller celebration was held at Zurich° By a decree of 24 August, the Company of One Hundred Swiss who had joined Louis XVIII at Ghent were allowed to share in the award, and they received their medals in Paris at a ceremony at the residence of the Duke of Mortemart 20-22 Nov.