Running head: THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 1 The Psychopath Next Door: How Similar Are They to Those Behind Bars? Criminality, Executive Functioning, and Emotion Processing in ‘Noncriminal’ Psychopathy. Emily Louise Adam Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Psychological Science (Honours) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (IF49) The School of Psychology and Counselling Faculty of Health Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology 2017 THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 2 Keywords Criminality, psychopathy, noncriminal psychopathy, primary psychopathy, secondary psychopathy, executive function, emotion, emotion-processing, gender differences, lexical decision task. Running head: THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 3 “Though not deeply vicious, he carries disaster lightly in each hand” Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity (1955) Running head: THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 4 List of Abbreviations ASD Antisocial Personality Disorder (in quoted material) ASPD Antisocial Personality Disorder ASPD+P Antisocial Personality Disorder with Psychopathy ASPD-P Antisocial Personality Disorder without Psychopathy AX-CPT A/X Continuous Performance Test BAS Behaviour Activation System BE Blame Externalisation BIS Behavioural Inhibition System C Coldheartedness calCAP-SPM2 California Computerised Assessment Package Serial Pattern Matching 2 CAT Categories Achieved CFA Confirmatory factor analysis CH Coldheartedness CN Carefree Nonplanfulness CSS-M Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified CSS-R Criminal Sentiments Scale-Revised DLPFC Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DSM Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-II Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders second edition DSM-III Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders third edition DSM-III-R Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders third revised edition DSM-IV Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth revised edition DSM-V Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition EF Executive Function THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 5 ERN Error-related negativity ERP Event-related potential F Fearlessness F1 Factor one F2 Factor two FD Fearless Dominance FFFS Fight-Flight-Freeze System FFM Five-Factor Model of personality HH High Factor 1 and Factor 2 Scores HL High Factor 1 Scores and Low Factor 2 Scores HR Heart Rate IA Impulsive Antisociality ICO Identification with criminal others ID/ED Intradimensional/Extradimensional IES Integrated Emotions Systems IGT Iowa Gambling Task IMC’s Instructional manipulation checks IQ Intelligence Quotient LCP Law-Court-Police LDT lexical decision task LH Low Factor 1 Scores and High Factor 2 Scores LL Low Factor 1 and Factor 2 Scores LSRP Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy ME Machiavellian Egocentricity MI Mental Illness MPQ Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire – Brief form NART National Adult Reading Tests THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 6 NPE Nonperseverative errors NTV Number of Traffic Violations OFC Orbitofrontal cortex OLD20 Orthographic Levenshtein distance PAS Personality Assessment Screener PCL Psychopathy Checklist PCL:SV Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version PCL-R Psychopathy Checklist-Revised PCL-R Psychopathy Checklist Revised PCL-SV Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version PCL-YV Psychopathy Checklist Youth Version PE Preservative errors PEBL Psychology Experiment Building Language PET Positron Emission Tomography PPI Psychopathic Personality Inventory PPI:SF Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Short Form PPI-C Psychopathic Personality Inventory PPI-FD Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Fearless Dominance PPI-I Psychopathic Personality Inventory PPI-II Psychopathic Personality Inventory PPI-R Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised PPI-SCI Psychopathic Personality Inventory- Self-Centred Impulsivity rCBF Cerebral blood flow RMH Response Modulation Hypothesis RN Rebellious Nonconformity RST Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory RT Reaction times THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 7 SCI Self-Centred Impulsivity SES Socioeconomic status SI STOP-IT SOI Social Influence SPM-P Standard Progressive Matrices Plus SRCS Self-reported criminal offending SRCS Self-Report Criminality Scale SRDS Self-Report Delinquency Scale SRP-III Self-Report Psychopathy Scale – Version Three SSDs Stop-signal delays SSRT Stop-signal reaction time STI Stress Immunity TLV Tolerance for law violations TMT-B Trail-Making Test Part B TOL Tower of London TOL-DX Tower of London Drexal University WAIS Weschler Abbreviated Scale for Intelligence WAIS-III Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition WAS Welsh Anxiety Scale WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WCST:CV4 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computer Version Four WISC-III Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Third Edition; WMC Working memory capacity THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 8 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 4 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 14 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 15 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 18 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 19 Chapter One - Thesis Overview ............................................................................................... 21 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................................ 21 Background and Context ...................................................................................................... 21 Purpose of Research Program .............................................................................................. 22 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two - General Literature Review ............................................................................... 24 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................................ 24 Psychopathy Defined ............................................................................................................ 24 Assessment of Criminal Psychopathy .................................................................................. 26 Assessment of Noncriminal Psychopathy ............................................................................ 27 Review of Psychopathy Assessments .................................................................................. 28 Psychopathy Variants ........................................................................................................... 29 Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder ............................................................... 31 Psychopathy and Affective Deficits ..................................................................................... 34 Psychopathy and Cognitive Deficits .................................................................................... 40 Executive Functioning .......................................................................................................... 41 Summary of Affective and Cognitive Deficits ..................................................................... 45 Theories of Psychopathy .......................................................................................................... 46 Lykken’s Low Fear Hypothesis ........................................................................................... 46 Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ............................................................................ 48 The Somatic Marker Hypothesis .......................................................................................... 50 The Integrated Emotions Systems Model ............................................................................ 52 The Response Modulation Hypothesis ................................................................................. 54 Review of Current Theories of Psychopathy ....................................................................... 55 What is Noncriminal Psychopathy? ..................................................................................... 56 Theoretical Perspectives of Noncriminal Psychopathy ........................................................ 57 THE PSYCHOPATH NEXT DOOR 9 Subclinical psychopathy. .................................................................................................. 58 Successful psychopathy. ................................................................................................... 58 A dual process model of psychopathy. ............................................................................. 59 Triarchic Model of Psychopathy .......................................................................................... 60 Review of Theories of ‘Noncriminal’ Psychopathy ............................................................. 61 The Current Research ..........................................................................................................