On the cover: Stand of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in Ottawa National Forest, Michigan. The image was modified from a photograph taken by Joseph O’Brien, USDA Forest Service. Inset: Cone from red pine (Pinus resinosa). The image was modified from a photograph taken by Paul Wray, Iowa State University. Both photographs were provided by Forestry Images (www.forestryimages.org). Edited by: R.C. Venette Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN The authors gratefully acknowledge partial funding provided by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Contributing authors E.M. Albrecht, E.E. Davis, and A.J. Walter are with the Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................2 ARTHROPODS: BEETLES..................................................................................4 Chlorophorus strobilicola ...............................................................................5 Dendroctonus micans ...................................................................................11 Hylobius abietis .............................................................................................22 Hylurgops palliatus........................................................................................36 Hylurgus ligniperda .......................................................................................46 Ips subelongatus ...........................................................................................55 Monochamus alternatus................................................................................63 Monochamus saltuarius................................................................................74 Monochamus sutor........................................................................................82 Orthotomicus erosus.....................................................................................90 Tetropium fuscum........................................................................................101 Tomicus destruens ......................................................................................110 ARTHROPODS: MOTHS .................................................................................121 Dendrolimus pini..........................................................................................122 Dendrolimus superans ................................................................................131 Epiphyas postvittana...................................................................................135 Lymantria mathura.......................................................................................139 ARTHROPODS: WOODWASPS......................................................................143 Sirex noctilio ................................................................................................144 Urocerus gigas.............................................................................................158 FUNGI...............................................................................................................162 Leptographium truncatum ..........................................................................163 Phellinus noxius ..........................................................................................174 1 Introduction Fig. 1. Total pine trees (Pinus spp) on forestland based on 2004-2006 surveys (USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Assessment). Pines (Pinus spp.) are remarkably diverse and abundant in the United States. At least 97 species occur in the country. Some are exotic to North America, but most are native. An estimated 54 billion pines occur in the contiguous United States on forestland acres. Pines dominate three forest type groups in the western United States: ponderosa pine, western white pine, and lodgepole pine. In 2002, these cover types accounted for 8.6%, 0.1%, and 5.1%, respectively, of total forestland area in the West including Alaskan forests (Smith et al. 2004). In the eastern United States, pines dominate four cover types: white-jack-red pine, longleaf-slash pine, loblolly-shortleaf pine, and oak-pine (mixed cover type). In 2002, these cover types accounted for 3.1%, 3.6%, 14.1%, and 8.8%, respectively, of total forestland area in the East (Smith et al. 2004). No Pinus spp. are listed as federally threatened or endangered, but five species (P. banksiana, P. echinata, P. pungens, P. resinosa, and P. virginiana) are considered threatened or endangered in at least one of six states. This document addresses 20 non-native species that have the potential to adversely affect pines. Most of these species do not occur in the United States. However, a few do. Established non-native species continue to present risks to pine forests as they spread into previously unaffected areas. Additionally, new 2 geographic variants of established species may arise and impact pines in ways not previously known. All pests were considered a serious threat by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey or the North American Forestry Commission. This list was developed in consultation with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and is not intended to address all exotic pests that may attack pines. In this document, we present biological details that are relevant to the survey and detection of each species. The following information can be found within each subsection: Pest Description - a description of the morphology of the species. In some cases these descriptions are quite technical, but are intended to help provide reliable identifications. For technical accuracy, most descriptions are quoted directly from taxonomic authorities. Biology and Ecology - a summary of the life history of each species in its native range. A particular emphasis is placed on when various life stages may be present and active. Pest Importance - a description of the ecological and economic impact each species may have. Impacts are not always limited to pine. Some pests also may be problematic on other trees, shrubs, or crops. Symptoms - a description of damage the species may cause on a host plant. This description may be useful for surveying pine stands. Known Hosts - a complete listing of plants on which the pest has been reported to feed. Not all host associations have been thoroughly tested. Known Distribution - a list of countries from where the species has been reported. Potential Distribution within the United States - a summary of regions within the United States that may have suitable environmental conditions for the species. Survey - available techniques that have been used to detect the species. This section also describes other species that might be confused with the target pest. 3 Arthropods: Beetles 4 Chlorophorus strobilicola Beetles Arthropod Pests Slender-banded pine cone longhorn beetle Chlorophorus strobilicola E.E. Davis, E.M. Albrecht, and R.C. Venette Scientific Name Chlorophorus strobilicola Champion Synonyms: none known Common Names Slender-banded pine cone longhorn beetle, pine cone cerambycid, chir pine cone beetle Type of Pest Seed-feeder, long-horned beetle Taxonomic Position Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Arthropoda, Fig. 2. Adult Chlorophorus strobilicola. Order: Coleoptera, Family: Cerambycidae, Photo by Steven Lingafelter (2003). Subfamily: Cerambycinae Reason for inclusion in manual CAPS Priority Pest (FY 2008) Pest Description Adult “This species is a member of the large group of slender, colorful clytine longhorned beetles. This group is recognized by the long, narrow body, long legs, relatively short antennae (rarely longer than the body), and bright stripes and patterns on the outer wings. Chlorophorus strobilicola Champion is about 0.8-1.2 cm long. The relatively narrow bands of white pubescence in the pattern shown [in Fig. 2], is diagnostic for adults of this species” (Lingafelter 2003). “Moderately elongate, subopaque, the elytra shining; rufous or reddish-brown, the eyes, scutellum, metasternum, and abdomen, the elytra with at least the apical portion, and sometimes the posterior femora towards the apex and the tips of the antennae, infuscate or black; the elytra each with a curved narrow fascia before the middle, extending forwards along the suture to the base and interrupted on the outer part of the disc, a short longitudinal streak within the humeral callus, a common narrow subapical fascia, and sometimes a small patch at the apex, cinereous or whitish, the rest of the pubescence of the upper surface sparser and darker, that of the under surface close, and in great part whitish or cinereous, the legs cinereo-pubescent and with a few projecting hairs; the head and prothorax closely, roughly punctate, the elytra densely, very finely punctate. Antennae rather more than half the length of the body, a little longer in ♂, joints 6-10 rapidly decreasing in length in ♀. Prothorax convex, transverse in ♀, nearly 5 Chlorophorus strobilicola Beetles Arthropod Pests Slender-banded pine cone longhorn beetle as long as broad in ♂, rounded at the sides. Elytra moderately elongate, somewhat flattened on the disc, truncate at the apex, the outer apical angle sharp. Basal joint of posterior tarsus about as long as the others united. Length 7½-9½, breadth 2-3 mm (♂♀)” (Champion 1919). Egg “Sausage-shaped, slightly curved on long axis, semi-opaque white