Double Skin Façades for Office Buildings Literature Review Harris Poirazis Division of Energy and Building Design Department of Construction and Architecture Lund Institute of Technology Lund University, 2004 Report EBD-R--04/3 Lund University Lund University, with eight faculties and a number of research centres and specialized institutes, is the largest establishment for research and higher education in Scandinavia. The main part of the University is situ- ated in the small city of Lund which has about 101 000 inhabitants. A number of departments for research and education are, however, located in Malmö. Lund University was founded in 1666 and has today a total staff of 5 530 employees and 34 000 students attending 60 degree pro- grammes and 850 subject courses offered by 89 departments. Department of Construction and Architecture The Department of Construction & Architecture is part of Lund Insti- tute of Technology, the technical faculty of Lund University. The main mission of the Department of Construction & Architecture is to pursue research and education on topics related to the built environment. Some of the topics of interest are: restoration and maintenance of buildings, construction management, design processes, construction, energy effi- ciency, climatization and design of ventilation and heating systems, demo- lition, disposal and re-use of building materials. These topics are treated from both a Swedish and an international perspective and collaboration between actors from mutidisciplinary fields of competence forms a particularly important aspect of research and edu- cation at the Department. The Department is divided into 6 sub-depart- ments or divisions: Architectural Conservation & Restoration, Building Services, Computer Aided Architectural Design, Construction Manage- ment, Energy & Building Design, and Housing Development & Man- agement. Division of Energy and Building Design Reducing environmental effects of construction and facility manage- ment is a central aim of society. Minimising the energy use is an im- portant aspect of this aim. The recently established division of Energy and Building Design belongs to the department of Construction and Architecture at the Lund Institute of Technology in Sweden. The divi- sion has a focus on research in the fields of energy use, passive and active solar design, daylight utilisation and shading of buildings. Ef- fects and requirements of occupants on thermal and visual comfort are an essential part of this work. Energy and Building Design also devel- ops guidelines and methods for the planning process. xxxxx Double Skin Façades for Office Buildings Literature Review Harris Poirazis 1 Double Skin Façades for Office Buildings Key words Double Skin Facade, Active Facade, Passive Facade, Double Envelope, Double Skin Curtain Wall, Supply Air Window, Ventilated Facade, Multiple-Skin Facade, Office Building. © copyright Department of Construction and Architecture, Division of Energy and Building Design. Lund University, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund 2004. Layout: Hans Follin, LTH, Lund Cover Illustration: Andreas Fieber Printed by KFS AB, Lund 2004 Report No EBD-R--04/3 Department of Construction and Architecture, Lund University, Lund ISSN 1651-8128 ISBN 91-85147-02-8 Lund University, Lund Institute of Technology Department of Construction and Architecture Telephone: +46 46 - 222 73 52 P.O. Box 118 Telefax: +46 46 - 222 47 19 SE-221 00 LUND E-mail: [email protected] Sweden Home page: www.byggark.lth.se 2 Abstract Abstract The aim of this report is to describe the concept of Double Skin Façades based on different sources of literature. Although the concept is not new, there is a growing tendency from the architects to put it into practice. Its complexity and adaptability to different climatic conditions increase the need for careful design. Since the construction types can differ from one location to another, it is obvious that the comparison of different litera- ture sources is not always relevant. Since the concept of Double Skin Facades is complicated and its use and function affects different parameters of the building, the literature studied is from different fields. It is clear that the design of the system is crucial for the performance of the building. It is the opinion of the au- thor that the Double Skin Facades can provide both improved indoor climate and reduced use of energy in the same time if designed properly. If the approach is overall and the goals to be achieved are clear, then the mentioned system is flexible enough to meet climatic changes for most types of building use. The classification of the Double Skin Facades is important since the initial approach can influence the design stage. After selecting the type of Double Façade appropriate for the building, it is necessary to define the design and the technical parameters (such as the materials used) that can influence the function and the performance of the system and the physi- cal properties of the cavity. The accuracy of calculations of the façade performance in the design stage will lead to more precise predictions. It is clear that by prioritizing the main goals of the double façade system in different ways, the building design and construction can differ adapting to the performance requirements of the designers, and the needs of the users. The advantages and disadvantages of double skin façades found in different literature sources are mentioned and described. Furthermore, examples of office buildings with Double Skin Façades are presented. Finally a discussion and conclusions section follows in which the point of view of the author is given and comments are made. Fields of further research an development needed are presented. 3 Double Skin Façades for Office Buildings 4 Contents Contents Key words 2 Abstract 3 Contents 5 Acknowledgements 9 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Double Skin Facades - General 12 1.2 Keywords 13 1.3 Definition of Double Skin Façade System 14 1.4 The Double Skin Façade Concept 16 1.5 History of the Double Skin Façade 19 2 Classification of Double Skin Façades 21 3 Technical Description 27 3.1 Double Skin Façade Construction 27 3.2 Opening principles 28 3.2.1 Cavity 28 3.2.2 Interior façade openings 29 3.2.3 Exterior façade openings 30 3.3 Material Choice 30 3.3.1 General 30 3.3.2 Selection of Glass 31 3.3.3 Selection of shading device 32 3.3.4 Construction types common in Nordic Climates 33 4 Building Physics of the Double Skin Façade Cavity 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Air flow 35 4.2.1 General 35 4.2.2 Air flow simulations of the cavity 37 4.2.3 Integration of Double Skin Facades–HVAC Strategies of the Building 43 4.2.3.1 General 43 4.2.3.2 Contribution of the Double Skin Façades to the HVAC Strategy 44 4.2.3.3 Coupling Double Skin Facades and HVAC-Examples 47 4.2.3.4 Control Strategy 50 4.3 Thermal Performance 51 5 Double Skin Façades for Office Buildings 4.4 Daylight Performance 54 4.4.1 Daylight Simulations 54 4.4.2 Shading - lighting devices 56 4.5 Energy Performance of Double Skin Façades 58 5 Advantages – Disadvantages of a Double Skin Façade System 61 5.1 Advantages of the Double Skin Façade concept 61 5.2 Disadvantages of the Double Skin Façade Concept 66 5.3 Assessment of Double Skin Façade types 68 6 Measurements – Test Rooms and Real Buildings 71 7 Costs and Investments 75 8 Examples of Office Buildings with Double Skin Façade 77 8.1 Germany 77 8.1.1 Düsseldorf city gate (Düsseldorfer Stadttor) 77 8.1.2 ARAG 2000 Tower 79 8.1.3 Headquarters of Commerzbank 81 8.1.4 Eurotheum 82 8.1.5 Debis headquarters 84 8.1.6 (GSW) Headquarters 87 8.1.7 Halenseestraße 89 8.1.8 Galleries Lafayette 90 8.1.9 Potsdamer Platz 1 91 8.1.10 Deutscher Ring Verwaltungsgebäude 93 8.1.11 Valentinskamp/Caffamacherreihe 94 8.1.12 RWE AG Headquarters 95 8.1.13 Print Media Academy 97 8.1.14 Victoria Life Insurance Buildings 99 8.1.15 Victoria Ensemble 100 8.1.16 DB Cargo Building 101 8.1.17 Gladbacher Bank 103 8.1.18 Energie/Versorgung Schwaben (ENBW) 104 8.1.19 BML Headquarters Building 105 8.1.20 Post Office Tower 106 8.1.21 Tower block at Olympic Park 107 8.1.22 Business Tower 108 8.1.23 Business Promotion Centre and the Technology Centre 110 8.2 Finland 111 8.2.1 Sanomatalo 111 8.2.2 SysOpen Tower 113 8.2.3 Martela 114 8.2.4 Itämerentori 115 8.2.5 Nokia Ruoholahti 116 8.2.6 Sonera 117 8.2.7 High Tech Centre 119 8.2.8 Radiolinja 120 6 Contents 8.2.9 Nokia K2 121 8.2.10 Iso Omena mall 122 8.2.11 Kone Building 124 8.2.12 Nokia Keilalahti 125 8.2.13 Korona 126 8.2.14 JOT Automation Group 128 8.3 Sweden 129 8.3.1 Kista Science Tower, Kista 129 8.3.2 NOKIA House, Kista 131 8.3.3 Arlanda, Pir F, Sigtuna 132 8.3.4 ABB Business Center, Sollentuna 134 8.3.5 GlashusEtt 135 8.4 United Kingdom (UK) 138 8.4.1 Helicon Finsbury Pavement 138 8.4.2 Briarcliff House 139 8.4.3 Building Research Establishment 140 8.4.4 Inland Revenue Centre 142 8.5 The Netherlands 143 8.5.1 Technical University of Delft Library 143 8.6 Switzerland 145 8.6.1 CAN-SUVA Building 145 8.7 Belgium 146 8.7.1 UCB Centre 146 8.7.2 Aula Magna 148 8.7.3 DVV Building 149 8.8 Czech Republic 151 8.8.1 Moravian Library 151 8.9 United States of America 152 8.9.1 Seattle Justice Centre 152 8.9.2 Occidental Chemical Center 153 8.10 Australia 155 8.10.1 Aurora Place office tower and residences 155 9 Important Information Sources 157 9.1 Literature 157 9.1.1 Double Skin Facades, Integrated Planning 157 9.1.2 Intelligent Glass Façades 158 9.1.3 Energy Performance Assessment of Single Storey Multiple-Skin Façades 159 9.1.4 Properties and Applications