What is Light? Electromagnetic Radiation Energy Efficient Lighting Scott Sanford Senior Outreach Specialist University of Wisconsin – Madison 2 Sensitivity of an average humans eye What is Light? • http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/publicat ions/pdf/illuminationfund.pdf • Figure 3.4 Source: The Light Measurement Handbook – Alex Ryer, International Light 3 4 Technologies; http://files.intl-light.com/ILT-Light-Measurement-Handbook.pdf Terminology Terminology • Lamps not bulbs • Color Temperature (CT) – Units of Kelvin • Indicates the light color – red to blue • Fixture – enclosure that provides support and mounting for ballast, lamps, reflector and diffuser • Lamp Depreciation • Percentage reduction in lamp output as lamp ages (mean lumen • Lamp output – Lumens output / initial lumen output). • a measure of the power of light perceived by the human eye • (60 w incandescent = ~ 850 L) • Light Loss Factor • Intensity – measured in foot-candles (fc) or Lux • Includes Lamp Depreciation plus environmental factors like dirt • Office – 50 FC accumulation on diffuser • Dairy barn – 10-20 FC • Average Rated Life – • Color Rendering Index (CRI) • mean time for 50% of lamps to burn out or stop functioning properly • Ability of humans to perceive colors under artificial light compared to natural sunlight express as a percent. 5 6 1 Color Temperature • Skylight (clear blue sky) 12-20,000K • Daylight 5000 - 6500K • Cool white / Bright White 3500 - 4100K • Warm White / Soft White 2700 - 3000K • High pressure sodium lamp 2100K • Mercury Vapor 5700K • Incandescent 2500 - 2900K • Match or candle flame 1700 - 1900K 273ºK = 0ºC = 32ºF 7 Color Rendering Index • Ability of humans to perceive colors under artificial light compared to sunlight. • 0-100 scale, 100% = sunlight • 80% needed for color matching • Mercury Vapor Lamp - 15 or 50 • High pressure Sodium lamp - 22 or 65 • Pulse Start Metal Halide - 65-75 • T-12 Fluorescent - 70-80 • CFL - 80 • T-8 Fluorescent - 80-85 • T-5 Fluorescent - 85 • Incandescent - 95 9 10 Source: http://www.neon-lighting.com/articles/Types%20of%20Lamps.htm Low Pressure Sodium Color Rendering Index Color of an object depends on sensitivity of the eye and the wavelengths (colors) produced by light source. 11 2 Lamp Depreciation vs Age Lamp Dirt Depreciation Factor • Dust Cleaning Freq • Flies 12 months 36 months Environment • Birds Dirty / 0.80 0.67 Diffuser cover Clean / 0.93 0.89 Diffuser cover Dirty / 0.73 0.48 open fixture 13 14 NYS Dairy Farm Survey Got Light? • Why are we lighting? Dairy Farm Energy Use • “Security” Feeding Eq Manure Eq • Work Area 2% 3% Milk cooling • Productivity improvement 19% Misc 1% • What are we lighting? Lighting Water heating • Driveway 18% 28% • Animal exercise lot • Work bench • What amount and type of light required? Vacuum Pump Ventilation 13% • Intensity - Number of foot-candles needed for task 16% • Color recognition - Color Rendering Index (CRI) 0-100 scale • Color Temperature (CT) – Units of Kelvin Source: Dairy Farm Energy Audit Summary, NYSERDA, July 2003 15 16 Incandescent Phase-Out Incandescent Replacements • Period: 2012 to 2014 • Halogen A-type Medium base • Lights emitting 310 to 2600 lumens • Meet new efficiency std. – 27% • Increased efficiency by 27% • ~ 25 watt to <150 watt bulbs • Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) • Jan 1, 2012 – 100 watt – 1690 L ≤72W • 75% more efficient • Jan 1, 2013 – 75 watt – 1170 L ≤53W • Linear Fluorescent – T8 or T5 • Jan 1, 2014 – 60 watt – 850 L ≤43W • Jan 1, 2014 – 40 watt – 475 L ≤29W • 83% more efficient • Doesn’t ban specialty lamps • LED • General Purpose only • 75% - 90% more efficient • Long Life - ~ 25,000 - 130,000 hours • Energy Security Act of 2007 T-8 T-5 17 18 3 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) Halogen Lamps • Type of incandescent lamp • 75% less power than incandescent lamps • 60 watt incandescent = 14 watt CFL • Efficiency ~ 15-21 L/watt (27%+) • Range from 5 watts to 105 watts • Life span ~2X incandescent • Equivalent Incandescent: 20w to ~500w • ~ 2000 hrs - (1000 to 6000 hours) • Excellent color rendering qualities • Low light loss depreciation – 94% • CRI – 82 • 6 to 12 times longer life than incandescent • Dimmable • Average Life: 6,000 to 12,000 hours • Higher surface temperature • Shorter life in dusty / damp area • Phase out in 2020 • Low starting temperatures • down to -20ºF, older models to 32ºF or 0ºF • No Mercury • Built-in ballast (most) • Saves 500 lbs of coal over CFL’s life • 1233 lbs of CO2 emissions 19 20 Energy Act of 2005 Old versus New • T12 Fluorescent Magnetic Ballast • T-12 Fluorescent (1.5” dia) • Phased out July 1, 2010 Replaced by • Replace with electronic ballast • Convert fixture to T8 Fluorescent (best) T-8 T-5 • 20% Energy savings • T-8 Fluorescent (1.0” dia) • Replace Fixture • T-5 Fluorescent (5/8” dia) • T8, T5, Induction, LED • LED 21 LED Tube Lamp 22 Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps T-12 T-8 T-5 T-12 T-8 T-5 • T-8 Fluorescent lamps (1” dia) • T-5 Fluorescent lamps (5/8” dia) • Similar to popular T-12 lamps but 1” versus 1.5” diameter • Efficiency ~ same to 5% more than T8 ***(at rating temp) • 20% more Lumens per watt than T-12 lamps • 20-30,000 hrs life • T-8 & T-12 provide about the same output per bulb (~5%) • Mean Output for 45.2” lamp • Std – 2800 L (T12 – 2900 L) • Std–2900 L HO –4600 L • 100% plus longer life than T-12 lamps • 0ºF start temperatures for Std. version • Average Life: 20,000 to 30,000 hours versus ~ 10,000 hours for T12 • Electronic ballasts • Ballasts 40% more efficient (electronic versus magnetic) • High output version -20ºF start temperatures • Starting temperatures down to 0ºF (Depends on ballast) • Different base and lengths (21.6”, 33.4”, 45.2”, 57.1”) • -20ºF for High Output version • Lamps not as readily available in Retail stores • No Flickering – T-12 flickers >50ºF • Lamps cost more 23 24 4 T5 vs T8 Fluorescent Lamps Electrical Code for Ag Buildings • T5 rated at 95ºF vs T8 rated at 75ºF • If housing animals • Average temperature in WI 47ºF (8ºC) • Considered damp/wet & corrosive • NEC – Section 547 • Lamp Output @ 50ºF (10ºC) • Fixtures • T8 – 72% of full output • Rated for damp/wet Location • T5 – 42% of full output • Non-corrosive materials • Stainless Steel / Plastic T-5 lamp fixtures • Cover with gasket with cover holds • Surface wiring in plastic conduit heat in which • Wet-rated switch increase efficiency 25 •Utility Re-wiring Programs!!! 26 Energy Act Changes Old versus New HID Lamps • Mercury Vapor lamps • Mercury Vapor Lamps • No new ballasts can be Mfg or imported Replaced by • No Sales after Jan 2008 • Lamps still available • LED • Metal Halide Probe-Start Lamps • No new ballasts can be Mfg or imported • High Pressure Sodium • No Sales after Jan 2009 • Pulse Start Metal Halide • Replace with Pulse-Start Metal Halide or LED • 25% energy savings 27 28 High Intensity Discharge Lamps Lighting Controls Does it need to be on all night? • Mercury Vapor Lamps (Discontinued) • High Lamp depreciation • Control with Clock / timer • Efficiency – 35 Lumens / watt Replaced by • Photo / Motion Sensor • Not with HID lamps • High Pressure Sodium • 150% more efficient - 90 Lumens / watt • Photo sensor w/ timer • 2.5 watts MV = 1 watt HPS • Yellow/orange light • Half-Night photo sensor st • Low CRI similar to Mercury Vapor lamps • Measures night length daily and turns on light 1 half of night or has a time clock • Replaces standard photo sensor • Pulse-Start Metal Halide • Uses 50% less energy - 70 lumens / watt • Cost ~ $30 - $50 • 2 watts MV = 1 watt PSMH • Brands (many others) • Good color rendering characteristics • Intermatic - K4536SST • Free stall barns • Mid-Night Tracker • Highest Lamp Depreciation • Ripley Lighting Controls – RT8394 / RC8444 • Dark to Light – DPN1242.6TJGN 29 31 5 Outdoor Area Lighting New Tech - LED • LED (Light Emitting Diode) • Replacing Mercury Vapor yard light • Long life 25,000 to >100,000 hrs ++ • HPS vs LED • Efficient - 60 -110 L/watt (and climbing) • 12 hours / day – 365 days/yr • Not cold sensitive – increase light • $0.12 / kWh output • Lamp replacement cost included (no installation $) • No mercury • Recyclable (95%) – Contains Aluminum • Fixture cost annualize for 10 yrs @ 7% • Driver (Converts AC voltage to DC) • LED - 50,000 hrs / HPS – 24,000 hrs • Directional light Lamp Watts Fixture $ Lamp $* Energy $* Total Cost* • Life not shorten by switching MV 213 Discont $14 $112 $126 • Dimmable to 10% of full output HPS 130 $110 $14 $68 $94 LED 160 $490 $42 $94 * Annualized Costs 32 33 Temperature Impacts on an LED LED Exterior Lighting • Long life – 50,000 - >100,000 hours • High quality – white light • Very efficient – 100+ lumen/watt • Cold loving – brighter as temp drops CBM - Flood Street/yard Lamp Stonco - Yard Lamp J&D Manufacturing RAB - Vapor-Proof Free stall Barns HID High/Low Bay Fixtures • Uses: • Freestall barns • Large parlors (high ceilings) • Shops • High Pressure Sodium • Most efficient • Pulse Start Metal Halide • best color • Heights 12-14 ft and higher • Fixtures rated for Damp Environments • Will have gasketed Diffuser 36 37 6 High Bay Fluorescent Fixtures LED Freestall Options • High Efficiency • 4, 6, 8 lamps per fixture • 80 to 110 L/watt • Higher CRI • High CRI: 70 – 80++ • Higher maintenance costs • More lamps • CCT: 2700K – 7000K • Less light spreading • Life > 50-100,000+ hrs • Typically no diffuser, only lens • Higher initial cost • More variation between fixtures • Lower annual cost • More efficient than PS Metal Halide • Less lamp replacement • 30% more efficient • Directional • Convert T8 Fluorescent