SANDEC Report 09/03 Baseline Study on Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste in Upper Dharamsala, India Bettina Sterkele and Chris Zurbrügg, February 2003 Cover picture: Main road and commercial area of Upper Dharamsala McLeod Ganj, September 2002 (photo Gabriela Friedl) Bettina Sterkele Chris Zurbrugg [email protected] [email protected] Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) P.O.Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland www.sandec.ch Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................8 2 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................10 3 Study Methodology ........................................................................................................................12 3.1 Preparation............................................................................................................................12 3.2 Field work..............................................................................................................................15 3.2.1 Observation...........................................................................................................................15 3.2.2 Interviews with key persons ..................................................................................................15 3.2.3 Household survey .................................................................................................................16 3.2.4 Mapping ................................................................................................................................17 4 General ..........................................................................................................................................20 4.1 Situation ................................................................................................................................20 4.1.1 Geographic location and settlement structure.......................................................................20 4.1.2 Climate..................................................................................................................................21 4.1.3 Socio-economic conditions and population dynamics...........................................................22 4.2 Stakeholder analysis .............................................................................................................22 5 Water Supply..................................................................................................................................26 5.1 Situation ................................................................................................................................26 5.1.1 Institutional set-up and legal framework................................................................................26 5.1.2 Water resources....................................................................................................................26 5.1.3 Central water supply system .................................................................................................28 5.1.4 Household level.....................................................................................................................31 5.2 Strength and weaknesses .....................................................................................................34 5.2.1 Strengths...............................................................................................................................34 5.2.2 Weaknesses..........................................................................................................................34 5.3 Suggestions...........................................................................................................................36 6 Sanitation .......................................................................................................................................38 6.1 Situation ................................................................................................................................38 6.1.1 Institutional set-up and legal framework................................................................................38 6.1.2 Household level.....................................................................................................................38 6.1.3 Public toilets..........................................................................................................................41 6.1.4 Central sewage system.........................................................................................................42 6.2 Strengths and weaknesses ...................................................................................................44 6.2.1 Strengths...............................................................................................................................44 6.2.2 Weaknesses..........................................................................................................................44 6.3 Suggestions...........................................................................................................................47 7 Drainage.........................................................................................................................................48 7.1 Situation ................................................................................................................................48 7.1.1 Institutional set-up and legal framework................................................................................48 7.1.2 Open drainage system ..........................................................................................................48 7.2 Suggestions...........................................................................................................................50 8 Solid Waste....................................................................................................................................52 8.1 Situation ................................................................................................................................52 3 8.1.1 History...................................................................................................................................52 8.1.2 Institutional set-up and legal framework................................................................................52 8.1.3 Indiscriminate dumping and public awareness......................................................................53 8.1.4 Collection ..............................................................................................................................54 8.1.5 Households ...........................................................................................................................58 8.1.6 Recycling and disposal .........................................................................................................61 8.2 Strength and weaknesses .....................................................................................................63 8.2.1 Strengths...............................................................................................................................63 8.2.2 Weaknesses..........................................................................................................................64 8.3 Suggestions...........................................................................................................................65 9 References.....................................................................................................................................68 Annex 1...................................................................................................................................................70 Institutional Contacts ..........................................................................................................................70 Survey Sampling ................................................................................................................................70 Geographic Features..........................................................................................................................72 Annex 2...................................................................................................................................................74 Public bins ..........................................................................................................................................74 Segregation centre of TWO................................................................................................................74 Sanitation Contract.............................................................................................................................75 Annex 3...................................................................................................................................................76 Household Questionnaire...................................................................................................................76 4 Tables Table 1: The classification of households was done according to the following criteria. .........................................17