This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 6 6-6236 BRUM, Herbert Duane, 1 9 2 4 - NON-FARM AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND TRAINING NEEDS IN OHIO. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1965 Agriculture, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan NON-FARM AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND TRAINING NEEDS IN OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Herbert Duane Brum, B.S., M.S. ********** The Ohio State University 1965 Approved by '*-£{/ jr. C (J Adviser Department of Agricultural Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation and thanks to those persons whose assistance has contributed to this study: To Dr. Ralph E. Bender, his major adviser, for his personal interest in the writer's graduate program and his interest, advice and counsel in the conduct of this study. To Dr. Robert E. Taylor, Dr. Earl W. Anderson, Dr. William Fred Staub, and Dr. Ralph J. Woodin who have served on the writer's graduation committee and have given generously of their time in helping the writer's graduate program to be of maximum benefit to him. To Dr. Francis B. McCormick, Dr. D. Ransome Whitney, Dr. Francis E. Walker, Dr. David I. Padberg, and Mr. James R. Kendall for their counsel concerning the design and treatment of the data for this study. To the Directors of the Ohio Department of Taxation, Ohio Department of Industrial Relations, Ohio Department of Personnel, to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Ohio Department of Education, and to the members of the Advisory Committee for pro­ viding information and also encouragement to the writer. To Dr. Byrl R. Shoemaker and Mr. Warren G. Weiler for their assistance and guidance. To the writer's secretary, Mrs. Zena Deamer, who gave encourage­ ment to the writer and also much time in preparation of the manuscript. And finally, to his wife, Genevieve, who worked hard and made many personal sacrifices during the period covered in this graduate program in addition to giving encouragement, assistance and sympathy to the writer, and to his sons, Roger, Mark and Michael, and his daughter, Karla, for their cooperation. iii VITA April 30, 1924 Born - Marietta, Ohio 19^-2-19^5 . United States Army 19^7 .... B.S., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 19^7-1957 .... Teacher of Vocational Agriculture Frankfort, Ohio i960 .... M.S., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1957-1965 .... Assistant Supervisor Vocational Agriculture Ohio Department of Education Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Agricultural Education Studies in Agricultural Education. Professors Ralph E. Bender, Ralph J. Woodin, Robert E. Taylor Studies in Educational Administration. Professor William Frederick Staub Studies in Higher Education. Professor Earl W. Anderson Studies in Research and Evaluation. Professor Ralph J. Woodin iv CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS o . ii VITA . iv TABLES viii Chapter I. NATURE OF THE STUDY ......................... 1 Need for the Study Purpose of the Study General Procedure More Specific Procedures Identifying the universe Selecting the sample The final sample and projection procedure Basic Assumptions Scope of the Study Limitations of the Study Definitions of Terms II. AN OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS COMPARED BY AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIAL, AND BUSINESS COMPETENCY GROUPS . , 18 Overview of Findings in Ail Major Competency Areas Number of New Employees Needed Annually Workers by Occupational Categories Comparison of Wages for Occupational Categories Years of Schooling Necessary Kind of Background Preferred Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level Horticultural service firms Meat packing plants Sausage and prepared meat products firms Fluid milk firms Canned fruit, preserves, vegetable firms Cereal preparation firms Manufacturers of prepared animal feed Manufacturers of food preparations Grease and tallow manufacturing firms v Chapter Page Publishing and printing firms Wood preserving firms Veneer and plywood plants Pharmaceutical preparations firms Manufacturers of farm machinery and equipment Manufacturers of metal stampings Natural gas and electricity transmission firms Wholesale fresh fruit and vegetable firms Retail hay, grain, and feed stores Hardware stores Farm equipment dealers Florist shops Grocery stores Eating places Dairy products stores Farm and garden supply stores Lumber yards Fruit stores and vegetable markets Miscellaneous retail stores Health and allied services Summary of Chapter II III. AN ANALYSIS OF NON-FARM AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING NEEDS ............................. 69 Non-farm Agricultural Workers by Occupational Groups Non-farm Agricultural Workers Compared by Areas of Agricultural Competency Distribution of Workers by Occupational Level and Area of Competency Animal science Insects, diseases, and controls Crop production Food processing Soil science Forestry Horticulture Agricultural engineering Agricultural economics Kinds of Firms Employing Agricultural Workers Agricultural Competencies Needed by Workers in Various Firms Animal science Insects, diseases, and controls Crop production Food processing Soil science Forestry Agricultural engineering Horticulture Agricultural economics Chapter Page Competency Patterns Weeded by Workers in Selected Types of Firms Horticultural service firms Hay, grain and feed stores Florist shops Hardware stores Food preparations manufacturers Farm and garden supply stores Retail farm equipment stores Competency pattern in horticultural service firms for technician level Level of Education Weeded Educational Level by Groups of Firms Agricultural produce processing group Agricultural supply Horticultural service Agricultural service Wages Earned by Agricultural Workers Professional Technical Proprietors and managers Clerical Skilled Semi-skilled Service Background Preferred for Workers Number of Wew Employees Weeded Annually Including Replacements Summary of Chapter III IV. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .... 125 Specific Objectives Procedures of the Study Assumptions of the Study Limitations of the Study Summary of Findings Number of new employees needed annually Wages earned Level of education needed Kind of background preferred Comparison of workers by major competency groups Non-farm agricultural workers by occupational groups Agricultural workers compared by areas of competency Distribution of agricultural workers by occupational level and area of competency Agricultural competencies needed by workers in various types of firms Competency patterns of workers in selected types of firms Conclusions Re c omme ndat i ons Implications for program development APPENDIXES ................. ibb BIBLIOGRAPHY 162 TABLES Table Page 1. Number and Percent of Ohio Non-farm Employees by Competency Group ..................... 21 2. Comparison of Percent of Workers by Occupational Categories in Competency Groups..... .......... 22 3. Yearly Number of Employees Needed by Competency Groups 23 1+. Annual New Employees Needed by Percent . 25 5. Percent of Workers in Occupational Categories by Competency Groups ..................... 26 6 . Comparison of Workers Earning One Hundred or more Dollars per Week ................:. 28 7. Comparison of Workers Earning $79-^0 per Week . 29 8. Average Number of Years of Schooling Necessary for Non-farm Agricultural Workers by Occupational Category ............... 32 9. Schooling Necessary by Competency Group and Occupational Category ....................... 33 10. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group in Terms of Background Preferred ........... 36 11. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Horticultural Service Firms .................. 33 12. A comparison of .Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Meat Packing Plants . 39 13. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Sausage and Other Prepared Meat Product Firms ................ ^+0 1^. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Fluid Milk Firms. ^1 viii Table Page 15. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Canned Fruit, Vegetable, Preserve, Jam and Jelly Firms ........ 42 16 . A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Cereal Preparation Firms 43 17. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Manufacturers of Prepared Feeds for Animals ............................. 44 18. A Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level for the Food Preparation Firms • 45 19. A Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level for Grease and Tallow Manufacturing Firms .................... .......... 46 20. A Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level for Newspaper, Publishing, and Printing Firms ....................... 47 21. A Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level for Wood Preserving Firms . 48 22. A Comparison of Workers by Major Competency Group and Occupational Level for Veneer and Plywood Plants 49 2 3 . A Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level for Pharmaceutical Preparations Firms ............................. 50 24,. A Comparison of Workers by Competency Group and Occupational Level for Manufacturers of Farm Machinery and Equipment..... .............. 51 2 5 . A Comparison of Workers