University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The Prairie Naturalist Great Plains Natural Science Society 8-2014 Historic Distribution and Ecology of Tall-Grass Prairie in Western Canada Darcy C. Henderson University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, [email protected] Nicola Koper University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tpn Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Botany Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Systems Biology Commons, and the Weed Science Commons Henderson, Darcy C. and Koper, Nicola, "Historic Distribution and Ecology of Tall-Grass Prairie in Western Canada" (2014). The Prairie Naturalist. 19. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tpn/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Natural Science Society at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Prairie Naturalist by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 40 Henderson and Koper • Distribution of Tall-Grass Prairie in Western Canada Historic Distribution and Ecology of Tall-Grass Prairie in Western Canada DARCY C. HENDERSON1 AND NICOLA KOPER Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8 (DH) Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2M6 (NK) ABSTRACT Rapid settlement and agricultural development of Western Canada in the late 1800s and early 1900s nearly elimi- nated the tall-grass prairie, and pre-empted a detailed description by ecologists. A combination of literature review and historical ecological analysis of soils, climate, and composition data are applied to estimate the historic distribution, and area occupied by tall-grass prairie in southern Manitoba and south-eastern Saskatchewan, Canada. The resulting area estimate of 20,830 km2 is more than three times any previously reported value. Some confusion of terms from the first half of the 1900s, and the impact of invasive species on vegetation patterns observed in the past 50 years, likely disguised the original distribution of tall-grass prairie. Protection and conservation efforts should now cast their nets wider to seek remnant prairies beyond the Red River valley, particu- larly westward along the Assiniboine, Qu’Appelle, and Souris rivers. Prospects are limited for managing these small fragments in a way that emulates the former natural disturbance regime of floods, fires, and bison grazing, but conservation and restoration efforts should continue. KEY WORDS biogeography, conservation, historical ecology, tall-grass prairie Tall-grass prairie occupies a wedge-shaped area in the tion and restoration efforts in the region. middle of North America, over a 2,500 km distance north- south, from Texas to Manitoba (Risser et al. 1981). East- WHAT IS TALL-GRASS PRAIRIE? west, tall-grass prairie occupies a narrow area at the northern and southern extremes, but extends up to 500 km in width Tall-grass or “true” prairie was most comprehensively de- between Kansas and Illinois (Transeau 1934). Tall-grass scribed by Weaver (1954) who distinguished two main asso- prairie in Western Canada exists only as a small remnant of ciations of “lowland” and “upland” prairie, with big bluestem the former distribution (Fig. 1), and land use practices on (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and little bluestem (Schizach- those remnants impose new and different disturbance pat- yrium scoparium Michx.) both ubiquitous and co-dominant. terns compared to historical conditions. The rapid decline Those community types, or slight variants thereof, have be- of tall-grass prairie pre-empted an opportunity to fully de- come entrenched in ecological classification schemes used scribe the distribution and ecology of this ecosystem (Ralston in Canada (Wiken 1986, Smith et al. 1998) and the United 1968), and a forensic reconstruction of either has not yet been States (Kuchler 1964, Bailey 1978, Omernik 1987, USEPA undertaken. Future conservation and restoration efforts can 1996). Nearly all species listed as principal components by apply this knowledge to help survey for, discover, and protect Weaver (1954) and Risser et al. (1981) also occur in Western remnant prairies and to design management approaches that Canadian tall-grass prairie. Weaver notes that Indian grass simulate natural patterns to the extent possible (Samson and (Sorghastrum nutans [L.] Nash) is progressively less abun- Knopf 1994, Swetnam et al. 1999). dant in the north, whereas two other grasses represent domi- We took several approaches to reconstruct the distribution nants along a moisture gradient, with switchgrass (Panicum and ecology of tall-grass prairie in Western Canada. With virgatum L.) along the mesic portion, and prairie cord grass a historical ecology approach (Egan and Howell 2001), we (Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link) in more hydric environ- reviewed archived maps, land survey records, farm census ments, relative to big and little bluestem. Ralston (1968) de- data, soil survey maps and reports, as well as published lit- scribed similar upland and lowland community types within erature prior to 1960 to determine the original distribution the confines of the Red River valley, east of the Manitoba and rate of decline. Taking a biogeographic approach, we Escarpment (Fig. 1). reviewed available species occurrence, frequency, and cover Lowland tall-grass prairies are dominated by these few, data sampled after 1960 to illustrate what remains. Our syn- C4 tall-grasses, and transition towards a wet-meadow com- thesis integrates climate data and ecological land classifica- munity common to boreal fens (Warner and Rubec 1997) tions, with the historical and recent data sources to produce a and prairie marshes (Walker and Coupland 1970, Stewart map with associated tabular data of the likely distribution and and Kantrud 1972). Mixtures with tall C3 grasses like small variation in Western Canada’s tall-grass prairie. Combined reed grass (Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray), common with conceptual models of grazing and fire variation within river grass (Scholochloa festucacea [Willd.] Link), slender the core area, this review should help guide future conserva- wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus [Link] Gould ex Shinners), 1 Corresponding author email address: [email protected] Henderson and Koper • Distribution of Tall-Grass Prairie in Western Canada 41 Henderson and Koper • Distribution of Tall-Grass Prairie in Western Canada 26 551 552 Figure 1. Major cities, uplands, escarpments, plains, water bodies and streams mentioned in the text, and the boundary of tall- grass prairie in Manitoba (bold dashed line) previously estimated by Joyce (1989). and tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa [L.] P. Beauv.) cies are not present in sand dune systems (Hulett et al. 1966). along with sedges (Carex) and rushes (Juncus, Eleocharis, The bluestems are mixed with other C4 tall grasses like sand Scirpus, Typha) are common in lowland prairie. Where salin- reed grass (Calamovilfa longifolia [Hook.] Scribn.), and sand ity increases, the C4 mat muhly (Muhlengergia richardsonis dropseed (S. cryptandrus [Torr.] A. Gray), and C3 grasses [Trin.] Rydb.) becomes more prevalent (Ralston 1968). Con- like Indian rice grass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roem. & versely, upland tall-grass prairies are increasingly dominated Schult.] Barkworth), Canada wild rye (E. canadensis L.) and by little bluestem, porcupine grass (Hesperostipa spartea sand dune wheatgrass (E. lanceolatus [Scribn. & J.G. Sm.] [Trin.] Barkworth), and/or prairie dropseed (Sporobolus het- Gould ssp. psammophilus [J.M. Gillett & H. Senn] Á. Löve). erolepis [A. Gray] A. Gray), with a sub-dominant presence A more specific, regional description for Western Cana- of big bluestem or side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula dian tall-grass prairie has evaded us for two reasons: 1) a [Michx.] Torr.; Weaver 1954). Risser et al. (1981) did not limited area and sample of natural vegetation now remains, consider the latter upland prairie to be “true” tall-grass prai- and 2) what does remain has been transformed by cumulative rie, but some hybrid with mixed-grass prairie. However, effects of land use and alien species invasions since the late Ralston (1968) described the Red River valley as a mosaic of 1800s. Little published research describes upland or lowland both upland and lowland communities, separated on the basis tall-grass prairie on uncultivated lands in southern Manitoba of soil texture and duration of inundation following flooding. (Ralston 1968, Levin and Keleher 1969, Smeins and Olson All of these upland species are also present and sometimes 1970, Gorrie 2002, Faber and Markham 2011). Many authors frequent in remnant prairies of south-western Manitoba (Wil- in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and North Dakota recognize the son and Shay 1990, Mansell and Moore 1999, Kowalchuk problem of alien invasive species altering the composition 2003), but are absent from mixed-grass prairie to the west in of remnant grasslands (Wilson and Belcher 1989, Mansell Alberta and Saskatchewan (Coupland 1950). 1995, Thorpe 2007, Grant et al. 2009, Koper et al. 2010). Sandhill prairie in southern Manitoba appears to be a Often what persists in a native state are biased examples of variant on tall-grass prairie, as multiple authors (Bird 1927, atypically wet and saline sites (Faber and Markham 2011), Ralston 1968, Ward 1980, Shay