DEGREE PROJECT IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2021 A Concept Design for Personalized In-vehicle Infotainment in Car Sharing SHUO YANG KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE A Concept Design for Personalized In-vehicle Infotainment in Car Sharing SHUO YANG Master’s Programme, ICT Innovation, 120 credits Date: February 16, 2021 Supervisor: Pavel Karpashevich Examiner: Kristina Höök School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Host company: Volvo Cars Swedish title: En konceptdesign för personlig infotainment i bilen i bildelning A Concept Design for Personalized In-vehicle Infotainment in Car Sharing / En konceptdesign för personlig infotainment i bilen i bildelning © 2021 Shuo Yang | i Abstract As a possible solution for environmental and social problems, car sharing is emerging. A number of studies have documented that personalization could increase convenience, comfort, and safety which becomes a shaping consumer trend, especially in cars. However, most studies in the field of personalization have only focused on privately-owned cars. This study set out to explore the personalization in shared cars. A user- centered approach was used. Nine user interviews were conducted to explore the problems of driving an unfamiliar car. Based on the interview results, the prototype of in-vehicle infotainment was designed which can exchange data with the mobile phone and provide personalized functions. Finally, the prototype was evaluated with 5 users with the Technology Acceptance Model to test the user acceptance. The prototype demonstrated the concept of exchanging personal information with the mobile phone. The frequently used functions on in-vehicle infotainment including calendar, navigation, and instruction were personalized in content and functionality. The evaluation results indicated that participants were possible to accept the prototype for its usefulness and ease of use but it should be noticed that privacy is an important issue when designing personalized functions. The findings presented in this thesis include the process and problems of driving an unfamiliar car, the possible approach for personal data exchange, the convenient personalized functions, and the user’s attitudes towards these personalized functions and privacy problems. Keywords Human-computer interaction, Car sharing, Personalization, In-vehicle infotainment ii | | iii Sammanfattning Som en reaktion på klimatförändringar och visionen om framtidens städer ökar intresset för bildelning. Ett antal studier har påvisat hur personalising värderas högt när det gäller bilanvändning. Dessa studier har dock bara fokuserat på privatägda bilar. Denna studie syftade till att utforska en mer personaliserad upplevelse av delade bilar med ett användarcentrerat tillvägagångssätt. Nio användarintervjuer genomfördes för att utforska problem som kan uppstå när man blir står inför att köra en okänd bil. Baserat på intervjuresultaten designades en prototyp för infotainmentsystemet tillsammans med en parkopplad mobiltelefonen och för att kunna erbjuda personaliserade funktioner till användaren. Slutligen utvärderades prototypen med 5 användare med tillvägagångsättet Technology Acceptance Model för att testa användarens acceptans. Prototypen visade konceptet att låta bilen få tillgång till personlig information från mobiltelefonen. De mest använda funktionerna på infotainmentsystemet i bilen inklusive kalender, navigering och instruktioner personaliserades i aspekterna innehåll och funktionalitet. Utvärdering och användartest visade att deltagarna uppskattade prototypen för dess användbarhet och användarvänlighet, men det bör noteras att integritet är en viktig fråga när man utformar personaliserade funktioner. Resultaten som presenteras i denna avhandling inkluderar processen och problemen med att köra en okänd bil, ett möjligt tillvägagångssätt för utbyte av personuppgifter, design och utvärdering av personaliserade funktioner och användarens attityder till dessa samt problematisering kring integritetsfrågor. Nyckelord Interaktion mellan människa och dator, bildelning, personalisering, Infotainment i fordonet iv | Acknowledgments | v Acknowledgments Firstly, I wish to thank Jingjun Ma for the great group work we have done on the project. Secondly, I want to express my gratitude to Daniel Bark, Jan Nilsson, and Alvaro Rodrigo Alonso at Volvo Cars for giving inspiring comments on the project. I would like to thank Anna Hellmark for the management of this project. In the end, I would like to thank my supervisor Pavel Karpashevich for giving detailed suggestions for the thesis. Stockholm, February 2021 Shuo Yang vi | Acknowledgments CONTENTS | vii Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Motivation............................1 1.2 Research Question.......................2 1.3 Delimitation...........................2 2 Background5 2.1 Car Sharing...........................5 2.2 In-vehicle Infotainment.....................6 2.3 Personalization.........................7 2.4 Technology Acceptance Model.................8 3 Methods 11 3.1 User Interview......................... 11 3.2 Thematic Analysis....................... 12 3.3 Brainstorming.......................... 12 3.4 Prototyping........................... 13 3.5 User Test............................ 13 4 Results 14 4.1 Interview Results........................ 14 4.1.1 Process......................... 14 4.1.2 Problems........................ 15 4.2 Brainstorming Results..................... 16 4.3 The Prototype.......................... 18 4.3.1 Overall Design..................... 18 4.3.2 Functions........................ 20 4.4 User Test Results........................ 24 4.4.1 Usefulness....................... 24 4.4.2 Ease of Use....................... 26 4.4.3 Attitudes........................ 26 viii | Contents 5 Discussion and Conclusions 29 5.1 Discussion............................ 29 5.2 Limitations........................... 32 5.3 Future work........................... 32 5.4 Conclusions........................... 33 References 35 A Appendix 43 LIST OF FIGURES | ix List of Figures 4.1 Data flow between IVI and the mobile phone.......... 19 4.2 Two states of the home screen................. 20 4.3 Two components on the home screen.............. 21 4.4 Navigation screen......................... 22 4.5 Check shared locations and contact others........... 23 4.6 Instruction function........................ 24 x | LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES | xi List of Tables 3.1 Demographic information of interviewees........... 12 3.2 Demographic information for the user test........... 13 A.1 Interview questions....................... 43 A.2 Tasks for the User Test..................... 43 A.3 User test questions....................... 44 xii | LIST OF TABLES Introduction | 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation The number of passenger cars is 330 million in Europe by 2015 [1], 270 million in China by 2020 and 273 million in the United States by 2018 [2]. The primary concerns of a large number of cars are rising private car ownership costs and greenhouse emissions [3]. It has previously been observed that the fixed cost can’t be ignored as people only use their cars for a short time each day [4]. Recent evidence suggests that car usage is the major source of air pollution, noise pollution, and carbon dioxide [5]. Car sharing is becoming popular around the world [6,5,7]. It is an emerging industry that is considered as a possible solution for the problems mentioned above. Besides, it has several benefits including increasing mobility, equity, and economic development [8]. It is a service that users can access a shared fleet of vehicles which enables people to use a car when they need it without owning it [5]. Research in this area has shown that car sharing could reduce the cost [9] and an average car sharing user can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 39% to 54% [10]. Personalization in cars becomes a shaping consumer trend [11]. It has been noted that personalization could enhance usability [12] and increasing convenience, comfort, and safety [13]. In-vehicle infotainment (IVI) is an embedded system that provides many information and entertainment services, including vehicle-specific information, navigation, and TV [14]. Researchers aim to provide a personalized experience for drivers by customizing the user interface of IVI [15, 16] and using a platform-independent personal profile [17]. One of the research topics is personalizing the car by integrating the mobile phone into IVI. The approach that allows the user interface transfer from mobile devices to IVI [18] is proposed. The vehicle industry has also 2 | Introduction developed solutions for the mobile phone’s integration in cars [19, 20]. These solutions allow drivers to use apps running on the phone, including music, podcast, navigation, voice assistant, and calendar. In this way, drivers can personalize the car with their own devices and the phone can provide network connectivity to the car [21]. However, previous studies of personalization have only been carried out in privately owned cars. Very few studies have explored these topics in shared cars. Car sharing users will drive a different car every time. What is not yet clear is how to achieve personalization with the integration of the mobile phone in shared cars. If this problem can be solved, people will be more willing to try the less-cost and environment-friendly car sharing service. This research cooperates with Volvo Car