Durham E-Theses Revisiting Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10: Towards a spatial and temporal reconstruction of Indian Ocean networks in the Early Historic SHOEBRIDGE, JOANNE,ELLEN How to cite: SHOEBRIDGE, JOANNE,ELLEN (2017) Revisiting Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10: Towards a spatial and temporal reconstruction of Indian Ocean networks in the Early Historic , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12728/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Joanne Shoebridge Abstract: Revisiting Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10: Towards a spatial and temporal reconstruction of Indian Ocean networks in the Early Historic The aim of this thesis is the reconstruction of Early Historic networks in South Asia and beyond. The methodology engaged focusses on image analysis techniques being applied to two South Asian ceramics, Arikamedu Type 1 (also referred to as Rouletted Ware) and Arikamedu Type 10. The secondary aim of this thesis is to identify and investigate stylistic variances across these ceramics within the spatial and temporal boundaries of this research. The two ceramics in this study were initially recorded at Arikamedu, South India in the excavations led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler (Wheeler et al. 1946). The majority of the previous research has focused on the physical aspects of the ceramics in an attempt to provenance the types, for example thin section analysis by Krishnan & Coningham (1997) and chemical analysis by Ford et al. (2005), however, confirmation of the provenance has not been achieved. This thesis focuses on the decorative features of the ceramics for analysis and interpretation. The data extracted will, on interpretation, aim to demonstrate the spatial and temporal variances within Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10, and allow the proposal of networks in the Indian Ocean and beyond, during the South Asian Early Historic period. 1 Revisiting Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10: Towards a spatial and temporal reconstruction of Indian Ocean networks in the Early Historic Joanne Ellen Shoebridge Volume One of Two Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Archaeology Durham University 2017 2 Volume One Contents Abstract 1 Title Page 2 List of Tables 13 List of Maps 15 List of Figures 16 List of Abbreviations 22 Statement of Copyright 23 Acknowledgements 24 Volume Two 244 Volume One ..................................................................................................... 3 Chapter One .................................................................................................... 26 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 26 1.2 Literary and historical sources ................................................................. 30 1.3 Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10: an introduction ...................... 35 1.3.1 Reference system for the sherds in this study ....................................... 38 1.4 Aims and Objectives of this research ....................................................... 39 1.5 Methodology: overview ........................................................................... 44 1.5.1 The Previous studies by Shoebridge and Blair: an introduction. .......... 46 1.6 The archaeological significance of this study .......................................... 49 3 1.7 Conclusion and overview of the following chapters. ............................... 55 Chapter One: Maps ......................................................................................... 57 Chapter One: Figures ..................................................................................... 59 Chapter Two ................................................................................................... 60 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 60 2.2 Networks of communication in South Asia and beyond .......................... 62 2.3 Previous research into Rouletted Ware and Arikamedu Type 10. ........... 63 2.3.1 Evolution of the type ............................................................................. 64 2.4 Rouletted Ware: a description .................................................................. 69 2.4.1 Coningham et al.’s definitions of Rouletted Ware from the Trench ASW2 report (2006) ........................................................................... 71 2.4.2. Begley’s definitions of Rouletted Ware from the Arikamedu excavation report (1996). ...................................................................................... 72 2.4.3. Other descriptions of Rouletted Ware .................................................. 76 2.5. The chronology of Rouletted Ware ......................................................... 76 2.6 Arikamedu Type 10: a description ........................................................... 78 2.6.1 Coningham et al.’s definitions of Arikamedu Type 10 from the ASW2 report................................................................................................... 81 2.6.2 Begley’s definitions of Arikamedu Type 10 from the Arikamedu excavation report (1996)..................................................................... 81 2.7 Geographical distribution ......................................................................... 82 2.7.1 Classification of sites ............................................................................ 83 4 2.8 Overview of the sites where the ceramics in this study have been recovered ............................................................................................ 87 2.10.1 History of excavations at Anuradhapura ............................................. 89 2.11 Level Two Sites: Arikamedu, Coromandal Coast, India ....................... 91 2.11.1 History of research at the site .............................................................. 92 2.11.2 Sir Mortimer Wheeler and his excavation at Arikamedu .................... 94 2.11.3 Arikamedu after Wheeler .................................................................... 95 2.12 Level Two Sites: Pattanam, Malabar Coast, India ................................. 97 2.13 Level Three sites: Alagankulam ............................................................. 98 2.14 Other sites in India ............................................................................... 100 2.15 Sri Lanka excluding Trench ASW2 ..................................................... 103 2.16 Bangladesh ........................................................................................... 110 2.17 Africa – Egypt ...................................................................................... 110 2.18 United Arab Emirates ........................................................................... 113 2.19 Southeast Asia ...................................................................................... 114 2.20 Indonesia .............................................................................................. 115 2.21 Vietnam ................................................................................................ 119 2.22 Thailand ................................................................................................ 120 Chapter Two: Maps ...................................................................................... 129 Chapter Two: Figures ................................................................................... 131 Chapter Three ............................................................................................... 139 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 139 5 3.2 Previous research involving casts and moulds ....................................... 141 3.2.2 Archaeological research using Polymer compounds .......................... 144 3.2.3 Archaeological research using dental products ................................... 145 3.3 Previous examples of moulding and casting studies .............................. 147 3.3.1 Case study one: The Gundestrup Cauldron ......................................... 147 3.3.2 Case study two: The experiments by Gwinnett and Gorelick ............. 148 3.3.3 Case study three: Bird’s investigations on the sherds from Quetta ..... 149 3.3.4 Recent work using casts and the two ceramics in this study. .............. 151 3.4 The method – introduction ..................................................................... 153 3.7.1 Damage to ceramics ............................................................................ 153 3.7.2 Preparation of the ceramics ................................................................. 154 3.7.3 Obtaining the latex impressions .........................................................