Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada Then and Now ERIC W. MORSE First published 1969 © Crown Copyrights reserved Reprinted 1971 Second edition © Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1979 Printed in Canada Reprinted in 2018 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Morse, Eric W., 1904- Fur trade canoe routes of Canada Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8020-6384-7 (paper) 1. Fur trade-Canada. 2. Trade routes. I. Canada. Dept. of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. II. Canada. Parks Canada. III. Title. HD9944.c22M65 1979 382'.45'639110971 c79-094313-1 Cover illustration: Canoes in a Fog, Lake Superior, 1869, by Frances Ann Hopkins. Courtesy of The Glenbow Museum, Calgary, Alberta. Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada/ Then and Now Fort Chipewyan Fort Lac la :' Assiniboine Biche .. · · · · · ' Athabasca ,: .. ~~~-~;-~~-..... .. o,.,., Edm6nto~ Rmer ~ro;·~R?,TH S,1S,t- ·. : -1?; . : =.......[ .. C',y ·:, •• :·•'. <"Lz.. •.·. "7,r; Na.,,,akan Lake ·········:·· MAIN WATERWAYS OF THE CANADIAN FUR TRADE ~===~100S===i=:c20§0~=,==='3::;00~===;;;,400 MILES 100 200 300 400 KILOMETRES HUDSON BAY ',:• · Lachine 6 ef ~'<; .__,'I: "'"" Albany. University of Toronto Press Toronto Buffalo London Published in association with Environment Canada, Parks Canada, and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada To all those, including my wife, who have been my companions and fellow-voyageurs on the rivers of the north. Acknowledgements I am indebted to Major-General N. E. Rodger of Winnipeg, and to Dr. W. G. Mathers of Pinawa, Man., for important information as to the current state of inundation of fur-trade rivers in their own Province. I should like also to acknowledge the generous co-operation of Major-General W. J. Megill and the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in making available maps and other material from a set of articles I wrote previously in the Canadian Geographical Journal. E.W.M. Ottawa April, 1968. Preface to Second Edition Resulting from either terrain changes or new material coming to light since 1968, three main changes in text have been made in the Second Edition. They relate respectively to Great Dog and Rat Portages and to Boundary Falls (Portage de !'Isle), all between pp. 76-86. An index also has been added. Frances Hopkins's contemporary,. almost "photographic" painting, "Bivouac of a Canoe Party" shows various evening camping activities of a small brigade of two North Canoes in progress, including wood-gathering, cooking, insect-defence, and sleeping. At the right, side by side, are two different paddles, as used by the milieux and the bouts. .