EXPRESSIONS AND SEVERITY OF DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JOINT PATHOLOGY IN THE LAMBAYEQUE REGION, NORTH COAST PERU by Michelle L. Yockey A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Spring Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA “Expressions and Severity of Degenerative Joint Diseases: A Comparative Study of Joint Pathology in the Lambayeque Region, North Coast Peru” A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University By Michelle L. Yockey Bachelor of Arts Ball State University, 2016 Director: Haagen D. Klaus Department of Sociology and Anthropology Spring Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA DEDICATION This work is dedicated to extremely supporting and loving partner, Anthony. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everyone who had a part in supporting me through this process. My supporting partner, Anthony, helped me immensely by talking though ideas with me and helping me through the writer’s block. My parents, Douglas and Nancy, for loving and pushing me to get this far. My colleague, Liz, for being a great friend and listener throughout the drafting of this thesis. Dr. Haagen Klaus, for helping me throughout every process of this paper and mentoring me through this process. I’d also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Daniel Temple and Dr. Cortney Hughes Rinker. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Dedication ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 6 2 - The Biology and Bioarchaeology of Degenerative Joint Disease ............................ 7 Joint Pathology ............................................................................................................. 7 Degenerative Joint Disease and the Joint ................................................................... 8 Synovial Joint Degeneration ...................................................................................... 11 Degenerative Joint Disease in Review: Global Perspectives over the Last 10,000 Years ............................................................................................................................. 14 Prehistoric Patterning ................................................................................................ 17 Early Works and the Development of a Modern Paradigm ..................................... 18 Early Life Dietary Stress and DJD Predisposition ................................................... 22 Mobility and Adaptive Shifts ................................................................................... 27 Labor Systems .......................................................................................................... 30 Comparing Populations in North America ............................................................... 32 Perspectives Beyond the Americas ........................................................................... 33 DJD in Settings of New World Spanish Colonization ............................................. 35 South American Populations .................................................................................... 37 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 43 3 – Culture History .......................................................................................................... 45 The Lambayeque Valley Complex ............................................................................. 45 Culture History ............................................................................................................ 51 The First Settlers ........................................................................................................ 51 The Origins of Social Complexity and Farming ....................................................... 52 The Preceramic Period .......................................................................................... 52 The Cupisnique ...................................................................................................... 54 The Salinar and Gallinazo Traditions .................................................................... 56 iv The Moche ................................................................................................................. 57 The Sicán ................................................................................................................... 59 The Chimú ................................................................................................................ 62 The Rise of the Inka .................................................................................................. 63 Pre-Hispanic power Structures .................................................................................. 64 Shifting Labor Systems ............................................................................................. 66 Effects of the Spanish Colonization of the Lambayeque and its People ................... 68 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 72 4 – Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 73 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 73 Archaeological Context ............................................................................................... 73 Eten ............................................................................................................................ 73 Mórrope ..................................................................................................................... 78 The Skeletal Samples ................................................................................................ 84 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 88 Expressions of DJD ................................................................................................... 88 Scoring Expressions of DJD ...................................................................................... 93 Statistical Procedures ................................................................................................. 95 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 98 5 – Results ......................................................................................................................... 99 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 99 Z-Tests ........................................................................................................................ 100 Odds Ratio Results .................................................................................................... 101 Mann-Whitney U ....................................................................................................... 104 Types of Expression: Osteophytosis ....................................................................... 104 Severity of Osteophytosis ........................................................................................ 107 Types of Expression: Porosity ................................................................................. 110 Severity of Porosity ................................................................................................. 113 Types of Expression: Eburnation ............................................................................ 115 Severity of Eburnation ............................................................................................. 118 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 120 6 – Discussion ................................................................................................................. 121 Introduction ..............................................................................................................