Index Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: see AIDS Antibodies (cont.) ADCC: see Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity to hemagglutinin, 166 Adenoviruses, 3; see also specific types HIV, 33, 58. 64 Afriamycin, 58 immunoglobulin G, 329 AIDS, 2, 55-56, 76, 95, 257; see also HIV influenza virus neuraminidase and, 229 antigenic characteristics of, 55 monoclonal: see Monoclonal antibodies anxiety about, 57, 58 neuraminidase inhibiting, 184 control of, 57-58 neutralizing: see Neutralizing antibodies defined, 36 PIV3-induced, 144 demographic characteristics of, 40-41 preformed, 94, 95 diagnosis of, 36 protective, 64 epidemiology of in U.S., 36-44 rhinovirus, 231 evolution and, 27 rotavirus. 282 genetic basis of, 78 serotype-specific, 283 geographical distribution of, 42-43 to thymosin alpha I, 56 incidence of, 36 virion interaction with, 236 management of, 57-58 virus-specific, 66 molecular characteristics of, 55 Antibody-complement-mediated lysis, 70 molecular virology of, 56-57 Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). 103 mortality from, 36, 58 Antibody-mediated immunity, 113 neuropathologic lesions in, 100 Antibody-producing B cells. 284 new therapeutic approaches to, 58-59 Antigenic heterogeneity nonstructural-regulatory genes in, 82 of influenza A, 137-138 opportunistic diseases associated with, 41-44 of influenza B, 137 patient exposure groups for, 37-40 Antigenicity, 84 perinatal transmission of. 45 of FMDV, 247-248 prevention of. 58 of rhinoviruses, 226 progression of disease in, 108 Antigenic shift, 4 transmission of, 44-46, 55 Antigenic variations, 2, 20 treatment of, 58-59 of F glycoprotein, 154-155 vaccines for, 6. 59 of FMDV, 247-255 AIDS-related complex (ARC), 55 of influenza virus, 69 AIDS-related lymphadenopathy, 55 of lentiviruses, 66-69 AL V: see Avian leukosis viruses (AL V) of NDV. 185-193 AMV: see Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) of PIV3 HN glycoprotein, 152-154 Antibodies, 3,65,71, 147, see also specific types of Sendai virus, 152 affinity of for viral epitopes, 70 of visna virus, 68 antigen interactions with, 236, 248, 251 Antigens, see also specific types B-cell production of, 270 antibody interactions with, 236. 248, 251 circulating, 30. 247 CD4 surface, 35, 59 Dengue virus, 310. 311 histocompatibility, 283, 284 early neutralizing, 68 malarial S, 287 to env gene, 24 matrix protein, 119 FMDV. 236, 254 shared PMV, 186 hantavirus. 329 Antigen-specific T cells, 255 355 356 INDEX Antitumor regiments, 58 Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), 61, 63, Antiviral agents, 58, 59, 227-230; see also specific 64, 66, 68, 70, 75, 78, 94, 99 types transmission of, 69 Arboviruses, 46; see also specific types Caprine lentiviruses, 75, 77, 78; see also specific ARC: see AIDS-related complex (ARC) types Asparagine, 182, 183 Capsid proteins, 224, 270; see also specific types Aspartic acid, 183 Capsid surface proteins, 202 Assays, see also specific types Carbohydrates, 67, 69, 70, 271, 286; see also spe- competition, 146, 151, 182,229,249 cific types cross-reactivity, 62, 249 endo H-resistant, 284 enzyme linked immunosorbent: see ELISA loss of, 184 indirect immunofluorescent (lFA), 318, 320, 324, N-linked, 144, 148 329 O-linked, 62 neutralization, 146, 152, 228, 247, 337 Carcinomas, 58; see also Cancer; specific types quantitative, 101 lung, 318 radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP), 104, 106 CCHF: see Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever reverse transcriptase, 110 CD4 surface antigen, 35, 59 semiquantitative, 248 Cell-to-cell fusion, 66, 69, 70 solid-phase competitive-binding, 146, 151 Cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 103 Autointegration of DNA, 13 Cell-mediated immunity, 62, 112-113 Avian influenza A, 159-175 Cell specificity, 225 Avian leukosis viruses (ALV), 20, 21, 23, 24, 25 Cell surface glycoproteins, 165 Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), 13 Cellular proteases, 166 Avian retrovirus, 16 Cellular replication enzymes, 66; see also specific AZT,59 types Central Asian hemorrhagic fever (CAHF), 336 Bacteriophage QB, 19 Central region, 82, 83 Baculoviruses, 270, 282-283; see also specific CFT: see Complement fixation tests types Chain-terminating inhibitors, 202 B cells Chalcone, 227 antibody-producing, 284 Chancroid disease, 44 production of antibodies in, 270 Chemotherapy, 58, 59; see also specific types Biology CHF: see Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF), 338 of Dengue viruses, 312 Chromatography, see also specific types of flaviviruses, 294 high performance liquid, 278 of influenza, 175 protein A, 65 of influenza A, 131 Chromic cryptosporidiosis, 44 of lentiviruses, 76, 84, 99 Circulating antibodies, 30, 247 BIV: see Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) Cleavage, 26, 271, 276-278 Bleomycin, 58 morphogenetic, 202 BLV: see Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) proteolytic, 178, 273 Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), 61, 77, 99 trypsin, 248 Bovine leukosis virus (BL V), 77 Cloning, see also specific types Bovine parainfluenza virus, 143 of Dengue viruses, 303 Brain disease, 58 of FMDV, 238, 243-244, 254, 257 Bronchial candidiasis, 44 molecular, 75, 83-84, 238, 303 Bronchiolitis, 143 of rotaviruses, 271 Bunyaviridae, 317, 335, 349; see also specific vir­ of visna virus, 87 uses CMV: see Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease Coe virus, 228 CAEV: see Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus Comparative sequence analysis, 4 (CAEV) Competition assays, 146, 151, 182,229,249 Cancer, see also specific types Complement, 71 molecular theory of, 25 Complement fixation tests (CFT), 247, 337, 338, Candidiasis, 44 339 INDEX 357 Computer-assisted predictions of functional envelope Diagnosis (cont.) structure, 86 of 1entiviruses, 62 CON: see Congo fever of poliovirus, 215 Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), 336- of rhinoviruses, 231 338 Dichloroflavan (DCF), 227 Congo fever, 336, 338, 339 Direct sequence analysis, 2, 5, 302-303 Conjunctivitis. 257 Disoxaril, 227 Coxsackie virus A21, 228 Disseminated mycobacterial diseases. 44 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), 335. DNA,63 337, 338, 350 autointegration of. 13 Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF), 336, 338 of influenza viruses, 167 Crimean type hemorrhagic fever (CTHF), 336 synthesis of, 12-13,20.66 Cross-hybridization. 224 DNA polymerase, 13, 76 Cross-neutralization tests, 247, 320 DNA probe hybridization. 201-202. 215 Cross-protection tests, 248 DNA viruses, 4, see also specific types Cross-reactivity assays, 62, 249 Drug-resistant mutations, 227, 230 Croup, 143 DSS: see DEN shock syndrome (DSS) Cryptosporidiosis, 44 Dugbe virus, 340-341 Crystallography, 224, 230, 287 Duplications, 2, 19,85 CTHF: see Crimean type hemorrhagic fever (CTHF) Cysteines. 121, 144, 178, 182 Early neutralizing antibodies. 68 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, 44 Early neutralizing serum, 68 Cytopathogenicity. 74 EBV: see Epstein-Barr virus Cytotoxicity. 103 ECHO virus, 227 Cytotoxic T cells. 270 ED: see Equine dermal (ED) cells EHF: see Epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) DCF: see Dichloroflavan EIAV: see Equine infectious anemia virus (EIV) Deletion mutants, 26, 273 Electron microscopy, 268, 270 Deletions, 2. 4. 19.85 Electrophoresis, 184; see also specific types Dengue viruses. see also specific types SDS-polyacrylamide gel. 106 biologic characteristics of, 312 two-dimensional, 161-162 epidemiology of, 295-302, 310. 312 ELISA, 57, 146, 148, 152.231 evolution of, 296-298, 302-307 hantaviruses and, 329 genetic variations of, 296-298 nairoviruses and, 339 molecular correlates of severe disease of. 309- rotaviruses and, 281, 282, 283, 287 312 Encephalitis, 61, 66, 166; see also specific types RNA of, 296. 312 Murray Valley, 307 significance of. 294 Venezuelan equine, 3 transmission of, 293. 295 Encephalomyocarditis virus, 237 type 1,300-301.306,307,311. 313 Encephalopathy, 36. 44 type 2.298-300.304.305.307.311.312,313 Endemicity, 214-217 type 3, 301-302 Endogenous (inherited) proviruses, 13, 14. 23. 24. type 4.301-302.313 30 variations of, 302-307. 312 Endoglycosidase F, 183 DEN hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 293. 309, 310, 313 Endo H-resistant carbohydrate. 284 DEN shock syndrome (DSS), 293, 294. 309, 310, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 270, 271. 273, 275. 313 276, 284, 286, 288 Deoxyoligonuc1eotides, 231 Enteroviruses, 207, 225; see also specific types Deri Ghazi Khan (DGK) virus. 335. 343-344 asymptomatic infection of. 227 DGK: see Deri Ghazi Khan (DGK) virus neurotropic, 226 DHF: see DEN hemorrhagic fever rhino viruses vs., 228 Diagnosis Envelope proteins, 86, 149. 307 of AIDS. 36 Env gene, 21-24, 62, 67. 82, 83. 84. 87. 94. 99 of FMDV. 251 hypervariable site in. 84-86 of hantaviruses. 329. 330 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays: see ELISA 358 INDEX Enzymes, see also specific types Feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV), 61, 77, 99 cellular replication, 66 Feline leukemia viruses, 19 glycosylation, 67 F gene, 178, 184, 192 proteolytic, 70, 273 F glycoprotein, 144, 154-155 Epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF), 318, 319, 322 FlA: see Focal immunoassay Epidemicity, 214-217 Fingerprinting Epidemiology oligonucleotide: see Oligonucleotide fingerprint­ of Dengue viruses, 295-302, 310, 312 ing ofFMDV,251 RNA, 140 high-resolution molecular, 215 Fitch-Margoliash phylogenetic tree, 77 of influenza, 167, 175 FlV: see Feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV) of influenza C, 152 Flavividae, 294; see also specific viruses molecular, 215, 217-218, 295-302, 312 Fiaviviruses, 294-295, 307; see also specific types of poliovirus, 199,200-201,215,217-218 biology of, 294 of rhinoviruses, 228 RNA of, 294 Epizootiology structural gene regions of, 306 of FMDV, 234-235 transmission of, 294 of NDV, 186-192 FMDV: see Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Epstein-Barr virus, 3 Focal immunoassay (FlA), 101,