University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2015 The Role of Literary Texts in Tourism Destination Management, Place Creation and Marketing: A Case Study on Concarneau in Finistere, Brittany, and the Simenon Novel, The Yellow Dog Mansfield, Charles http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/4785 Plymouth University All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. 1 The Role of Literary Texts in Tourism Destination Management, Place Creation and Marketing: A Case Study on Concarneau in Finistère, Brittany, and the Simenon Novel, The Yellow Dog. CHARLES MANSFIELD Thesis submitted to Plymouth University for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Tourism and Hospitality Faculty of Business 2014 2 3 Author's Declaration for PhD Submission I, Charles Mansfield, declare that the PhD Thesis submitted to Plymouth University, with the full title: The role of literary texts in tourism destination management, place creation and marketing: a case study on Concarneau in Finistère, Brittany, and the Simenon novel, The Yellow Dog. is my own original work. Furthermore, at no time during the registration for the research degree has the author been registered for any other University award. No work submitted for this research degree at Plymouth University forms part of any other degree either at the University or at another establishment, Word count: 87,372. Word count excluding bibliographic references: 78,617. Student Reference Number: 10252067 Signed Dated 21st November 2014. Received on behalf of Graduate Research School by: . Date received: . 24.11.14 . 4 5 Abstract This doctoral thesis approaches literary tourism initially from an historical perspective in order to define the phenomenon through a review of the existing academic literature in the field. The forms of literary tourism are analysed to provide a typology and from this the value of literary tourism is explained both from the visitor's point of view and the destination manager's. Current theories underpinning the existing literature on literary tourism, including Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital are reviewed. To extend the current state of research and to answer the research questions a case study of successful urban literary tourism is identified, in this case in Brittany, France. The uses of French literature in literary tourism are reviewed to provide a sound basis on which to examine French texts and tourist destinations. Novel methods of field research are developed to formalise and to make reproducible the methodology for this study and for future work drawing on, and seeking to combine both literary theory and ethnography. Following a pilot study on the French Riviera the full discovery instruments are designed and applied in fieldwork on the case destination, Concarneau, using the detective novel, The Yellow Dog, which is set in Concarneau. Analysis of the findings from this provide a new contribution to the field of literary theory, in the area of reader interpellation, and answer the research questions in the form of a new set of recommendations for DMOs and tourism stakeholders. From the empirical study that used Web 2.0 social media, only available since 2013, an analysis of which novels do stimulate literary tourism is presented for the first time. Out of the research process new methods have been evolved, and are presented in the conclusion, for the DMO to synthesise and leverage digital resources. This provides DMOs with interpretation processes for its managed heritage to use with its local stakeholders in hotels and in tourism businesses. Finally, an innovative conceptualisation of what constitutes tourism knowledge is proposed. Keywords Literary tourism, tourism destination image, TDI, place branding, literary theory, close reading, French literature, autoethnography, ethnography, grounded theory, narrative analysis, destination management organisation, DMO, leisure value, leadership, tourism knowledge, Simenon, Maigret, detective fiction, The Yellow Dog, Le Chien jaune, Concarneau, Brittany, Finistère. 6 7 Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 6 Keywords ................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 14 List of Plates ................................................................................................................ 15 List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 18 Full PhD Title .......................................................................................................... 20 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 20 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................ 20 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 22 1 Introduction and Choice of Case Study .................................................................... 24 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 24 The Choice of Concarneau and Simenon's The Yellow Dog ................................... 25 2 Literary Tourism in Context ..................................................................................... 32 History of Leisure Travel related to Literary Works ............................................... 32 Finding the Author ................................................................................................... 37 Topographical Accuracy .......................................................................................... 38 Guide-Books and Material Authenticity .................................................................. 41 Authenticity and the Imaginary ............................................................................... 44 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 47 3 The Forms and Value of Literary Tourism ............................................................... 50 Place Capital and Cultural Capital ........................................................................... 50 Categorising Literary Tourism ................................................................................. 53 Knowledge, Social Capital and the Unplanned Value of Literary Links ................ 55 From Social Capital to Destination Branding .......................................................... 57 Value in Literary Text .............................................................................................. 60 8 Pleasure, Point of View and Identification .............................................................. 62 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 65 4 French Literature and its potential for Literary Tourism .......................................... 68 French urban space in nineteenth century literature ................................................ 68 Ross and Rimbaud: Reclaiming the City ................................................................. 76 The Book and the Building in French Popular Imagination .................................... 78 Crossing into the twentieth century in French literature .......................................... 81 How shall we live? – Post-war Novels .................................................................... 84 Pleasure and Socialisation in Narrative Writing ...................................................... 87 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 89 5 Defining the DMO and the Value of Literary Tourism to the DMO ........................ 91 Towards a Definition of DMO ................................................................................. 91 Qualified Tourism Consultancy in France ............................................................... 93 The Smallest DMO Unit in Literary Tourism.......................................................... 94 The Hierarchy of Government Divisions for Tourism in France ............................ 97 Preamble .............................................................................................................. 97 Départements ....................................................................................................... 97 Régions ...............................................................................................................