Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kostanay State Pedagogical University M. BEKMAGAMBETOVA MODERN HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN Kostanay, 2018 1 UDC 94(574) LBC 63.3 (5 Kaz) В39 Considered and recommended for publication at the meeting of the Academic Council of the Kostanay State Pedagogical University Author: M.Bekmagambetova, PhD in Historical Sciences Reviewers: Alexander S. Morrison, Fellou & Tutor in History, New College, Oxford A.Aitmukhambetov, Grand PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Kostanay State University named after A. Baytursynov E. Abil, Grand PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Kostanay State Pedagogical University Bekmagambetova M. B 39 Modern History of Kazakhstan / Kostanay: Kostanay State Pedagogical University, 2018.- 189 p. ISBN 978-601-7934-58-3 The course of lectures is devoted to the most important period of domestic history. The process of formation of socio-economic, political and spiritual bases of modern Kazakhstan is considered. It is designed for students, undergraduates, all interested in the history of the Republic of Kazakhstan. UDC 94(574) LBC 63.3 (5 Kaz) В39 © Kostanay State Pedagogical University, 2018 2 Contents Course introduction……………………………………………………………..4 Unit I. Introduction to the history of Kazakhstan Topic: The subject and the object of modern history of Kazakhstan. Historiography of the modern history of Kazakhstan………………………………...7 Topic: Historical time and periodization of the history of Kazakhstan. Methodology of historical science…………………………………………………...12 Unit II. Kazakhstan on its way to independence: development phases and ideas of national construction Topic: Origins of the National Movement of the Kazakh People.......................14 Topic: The historical origins of the formation of Soviet Kazakhstan: the difficulties of rooting ………………………………………………………………..22 Topic: Formation of Soviet totalitarian Kazakhstan: character, measures and consequences ................................…………………………………………………..37 Topic: The feat of Kazakhstanis in the fight against fascist aggression.............53 Unit III. The contradictions and consequences of Soviet reforms in Kazakhstan in the second half of the twentieth century Topic: Kazakhstan in the post-war "Stalin period". Understanding the "personality cult" and Khrushchev's reform................................................................68 Topic: Spiritual, economic stagnation and environmental problems in Kazakhstan during the reign of Leonid Brezhnev and his successors.........................81 Topic: Mikhail Gorbachev's Reform: attempts to rebuild Soviet Kazakhstan..101 Unit IV. State strategy and socio-economic development of independent Kazakhstan Topic: Formation of the state structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan............106 Topic: Kazakhstan model of economic development........................................117 Topic: Social reforms and social modernization ..............................................124 Topic: Ethno-demographic processes and strengthening of interethnic harmony ...................................................................................................................................129 Unit V. Democratic and Spiritual Updates in Independent Kazakhstan Topic: Social and political development ..........................................................135 Topic: Youth Policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Determination of the Path of Spiritual Renewal .........................................................................................139 Topic: The policy of the formation of a new historical consciousness and world outlook (the program of the Leader of the Nation "The People in the Stream of History", the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate, "Mangilik El" - the National Idea of Kazakhstan of the 21st Century) ..................................................................147 Unit VI. Kazakhstan is a state recognized by the world .............................160 Topic: Formation of foreign policy and strengthening the security of the Republic of Kazakhstan.……………………….…………………………………...160 Topic: Economic diplomacy……………………………………………….….167 Glossary............................................................................................................175 Test task……………………………………………………………………....180 3 COURSE INTRODUCTION At the present stage Kazakhstan is determining its place in the global social space and historical time. In the Kazakh society the historical consciousness is being formed now, which is a link of times and generations on the basis of awareness of the community of its historical destiny. National consciousness is formed on the priorities of consolidation and unity of Kazakhstan society. The past of Kazakhstan is the main part of the humanitarian space at different levels of public consciousness. The formation of modern intellectual personality is based on the interaction of national history and historical continuity. The modern history of Kazakhstan is a part of the history of all mankind, which is organically woven into the context of world history, the history of Eurasia and Central Asia. The modern history of Kazakhstan is a period in which historical events, phenomena, facts, processes that reveal historical patterns that took place on the territory of the great steppe in the twentieth century and to the present day are studied in an integral form. With the acquisition of the Republic of Kazakhstan, state independence, we face the problem of a comprehensive and objective study of the past and of teaching "Modern history of Kazakhstan", whose main tasks are the revival of historical memory of the people, the formation of national consciousness and national unity, the education of patriotism and tolerance among the youth. In the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050: a new political course of the established state" by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, among other priority goals, knowledge and professional skills as the key objectives of the modern system of education, training and retraining, new Kazakhstan patriotism as the basis for the success of our multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, traditions and culture as the genetic code of the nation were identified. In other words, not only political and economic guidelines, but also spiritual and ideological ones were clearly outlined for the long term. In the context of specification of these strategic objectives in the program article of the head of state N. Nazarbayev's "View of the future: modernization of public consciousness" clearly emphasized that the complex transformation of the spiritual sphere "will not just complement the political and economic processes, but will act as their core." First of all, we are talking about the importance of historical knowledge (consciousness) and the role of national and cultural roots against the background of the difficult conditions of the XXI century, objectively necessitating the renewal of the model of social thinking. The specific provisions of the article formed the basis of the program "rukhani zhangyru" ("Spiritual revival") is the translation of the state Kazakh language into Latin, and new humanitarian knowledge, and special projects – "Tugan Zher" ("Native land"), "Spiritual shrines of Kazakhstan", "100 new faces of Kazakhstan", "Modern Kazakh culture in the global world". The most important role in the implementation of the tasks belongs to the social and humanitarian disciplines of the educational sphere in General and in particular history. 4 As M.Tazhin noted at a meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group for the Study of the National History of the Republic of Kazakhstan, “the role of national history is unique from the point of view of becoming a citizen, forming a civic position, patriotism, and this is recognized throughout the civilized world.”Knowledge of the history of their homeland is a natural need of the thinking part of society, the intelligentsia as a social stratum.History is a cementing, connecting link in the formation of a new world outlook model, in defining and promoting core values and landmarks, designed to strengthen national identity, ensure the preservation of the cultural code of the nation. Features of the program content of the course. In preparing the course on the modern history of Kazakhstan, a problem-based approach was used and, theoretically, a methodological basis for studying history. The chronological framework covers the history of the development of national ideas and movements towards the independence of Kazakhstan. In the theoretical and practical study of the modern history of Kazakhstan, an interdisciplinary approach is used. The presented work is based on the fundamental achievements and conclusions of foreign and domestic historical thought. As a result of mastering the course, students should understand the essence of the basic laws and trends of the historical progress of the Fatherland. The course "Modern history of Kazakhstan" aims to: - interaction with other Sciences to ensure the training of specialists who meet the qualification requirements; - to promote comprehensive and harmonious development of students ' personality, their intellect and moral qualities; - to enrich students with scientific understanding and specific knowledge of the actual problems of the history of Kazakhstan, the basic laws and prospects of their development; - to teach the skills of analysis of national history; - contribute to the development of the ability