United States Solid Waste EPA530-F-97-001 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response July 1997 Agency (5306W) 1EPA Landfill Reclamation his fact sheet describes new and innovative technologies and products that meet the performance standards of the Criteria for Municipal Solid T Waste Landfills (40 CFR Part 258). Landfill reclamation is a relatively new approach used to expand municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill capacity and avoid the high cost of acquiring addi- tional land. Reclamation costs are often offset by the sale or use of recovered materials, such as recyclables, soil, and waste, which can be burned as fuel. Other important benefits may include avoided liability through site remediation, reductions in closure costs, and reclamation of land for other uses. Despite its many benefits, some potential drawbacks exist to landfill reclama- tion. This technology may release methane and other gases, for example, that result from decomposing wastes. It may also unearth hazardous materials, which can be costly to manage. In addition, the excavation work involved in reclamation may cause adjacent landfill areas to sink or collapse. Finally, the dense, abrasive nature of reclaimed waste may shorten the life of excavation equipment. To identify potential problems, landfill operators considering recla- mation activities should conduct a site characterization study. Landfill reclamation projects have been successfully implemented at MSW facilities across the country since the 1980s. This fact sheet provides information on this technology and presents case studies of successful reclamation projects. The Reclamation Soil Separation (Screening) A trommel (i.e., a revolving cylindrical sieve) Process or vibrating screens separate soil (including Landfill reclamation is conducted in a num- the cover material) from solid waste in the ber of ways, with the specific approach based excavated material. The size and type of screen on project goals and objectives and site- used depends on the end use of the recovered specific characteristics. The equipment used material. For example, if the reclaimed soil for reclamation projects is adapted primarily typically is used as landfill cover, a 2.5-inch from technologies already in use in the min- screen is used for separation. If, however, the ing industry, as well as in construction and reclaimed soil is sold as construction fill, or other solid waste management operations. In for another end use requiring fill material general, landfill reclamation follows these with a high fraction of soil content, a smaller steps: mesh screen is used to remove small pieces of metal, plastic, glass, and paper. Excavation Trommel screens are more effective than An excavator removes the contents of the vibrating screens for basic landfill reclama- landfill cell. A front-end loader then orga- tion. Vibrating screens, however, are smaller, nizes the excavated materials into manage- easier to set up, and more mobile. able stockpiles and separates out bulky material, such as appliances and lengths of steel cable. 2 Printed on paper that contains at least 20 percent postconsumer fiber. Processing for Reclamation of Recyclable Material or Disposal Benefits and Drawbacks Depending on local conditions, either the soil or the waste may be Facility operators considering the Retrofitting liners and removing reclaimed. The separated soil can be establishment of a landfill reclamation hazardous materials used as fill material or as daily cover program must weigh several benefits Liners and leachate collection systems in a sanitary landfill. The excavated and drawbacks associated with this can be installed at older landfills. These waste can be processed at a materials waste management approach. systems can be inspected and repaired recovery facility to remove valuable if they are already installed. Also, haz- components (e.g., steel and alu- Potential Benefits ardous waste can be removed and minum) or burned in a municipal Extending landfill capacity at the managed in a more secure fashion. waste combustor (MWC) to produce current site energy. Landfill reclamation extends the life Potential Drawbacks of the current facility by removing Managing hazardous materials recoverable materials and reducing Steps in Project Hazardous wastes that may be uncov- waste volume through combustion ered during reclamation operations, Planning and compaction. especially at older landfills, are subject Generating revenues from the sale to special handling and disposal Before initiating a landfill reclamation requirements. Management costs for project, facility operators should care- of recyclable materials hazardous waste can be relatively high, fully assess all aspects of such an Recovered materials, such as ferrous but may reduce future liability. effort. metals, aluminum, plastic, and glass, can be sold if markets exist for these Controlling releases of landfill The following is a recommended materials. gases and odors approach: Lowering operating costs or gen- Cell excavation raises a number of erating revenues from the sale of potential problems related to the reclaimed soil release of gases. Methane and other Conduct a site characterization ➀ gases, generated by decomposing study. Reclaimed soil can be used on site as daily cover material on other landfill wastes, can cause explosions and fires. cells, thus avoiding the cost of Hydrogen sulfide gas, a highly flam- mable and odorous gas, can be fatal Assess potential economic importing cover soil. Also, a market ➁ when inhaled at sufficient concentra- benefits. might exist for reclaimed soil used in other applications, such as construc- tions. tion fill. Controlling subsidence or collapse ➂ Investigate regulatory Producing energy at MWCs Excavation of one landfill area can requirements. Combustible reclaimed waste can be undermine the integrity of adjacent mixed with fresh waste and burned to cells, which can sink or collapse into produce energy at MWCs. the excavated area. ➃ Establish a preliminary worker health and safety plan. Reducing landfill closure costs Increasing wear on excavation and and reclaiming land for other uses MWC equipment By reducing the size of the landfill Reclamation activities shorten the use- Assess project costs. "footprint" through cell reclamation, ful life of equipment, such as excava- ➄ the facility operator may be able to tors and loaders, because of the high either lower the cost of closing the density of waste being handled. Also, landfill or make land available for the high particulate content and abra- other uses. sive nature of reclaimed waste can increase wear on MWC equipment (e.g., grates and air pollution control systems). 2 This planning sequence assumes Most potential economic benefits Investigate Regulatory that project planners will make an associated with landfill reclamation are interim assessment of the project's fea- indirect; however, a project can gener- Requirements sibility after each planning step. After ate revenues if markets exist for recov- Landfill reclamation operations are not completion of all five steps, planners ered materials. Although the economic restricted under current federal regula- should conclude the feasibility assess- benefits from reclamation projects are tions. Before undertaking a reclama- ment by weighing costs against bene- facility-specific, they may include any tion project, however, state and local fits. A thorough final assessment or all of the following: authorities should be consulted regard- should include a review of project goals ing any special requirements. Although and objectives and consideration of some states have enacted general provi- alternative approaches for achieving n Increased disposal capacity. sions concerning the beneficial use of those ends. n Avoided or reduced costs of: recovered materials, as of 1996, only New York State had established specific —Landfill closure. landfill reclamation rules. In most Conduct a Site —Postclosure care and monitoring. states, officials offer assistance in pro- Characterization Study ject development, and they review —Purchase of additional capacity or The first step in a landfill reclamation work plans on a case-by-case basis. A sophisticated systems. project calls for a thorough site assess- few states, such as New York and New ment to establish the portion of the —Liability for remediation of sur- Jersey, encourage landfill reclamation landfill that will undergo reclamation rounding areas. by making grant money available. and estimate a material processing rate. n Revenues from: The site characterization should assess facility aspects, such as geological — Recyclable and reusable materials Establish a Preliminary features, stability of the surrounding (e.g., ferrous metals, aluminum, Worker Health and area, and proximity of ground water, plastic, and glass). Safety Plan and should determine the fractions of — Combustible waste sold as fuel. usable soil, recyclable material, com- After project planners establish a gener- bustible waste, and hazardous waste at — Reclaimed soil used as cover al framework for the landfill reclama- the site. material, sold as construction fill, tion effort, they must account for the or sold for other uses. health and safety risks the project will pose for facility workers. Once poten- Assess Potential n Land value of sites reclaimed for tial risks are identified from the site Economic Benefits other uses. characterization study and historical information about facility operations, Information collected in the