International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control ICIC International ⃝c 2021 ISSN 1349-4198 Volume 17, Number 3, June 2021 pp. 753{766 ULOS FABRIC CLASSIFICATION USING ANDROID-BASED CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK Arif Fadly Siregar and Tuga Mauritsius Information System Management Department, BINUS Graduate Program Bina Nusantara University JL. K. H. Syahdan No. 9, Kemanggisan, Palmerah, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia [email protected]; [email protected] Received November 2020; revised March 2021 Abstract. Indonesia is a country with diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural back- grounds. Among the tribes in Indonesia, one of them is the Batak tribe. The Batak tribe has a variety of cultures, one of which is ulos fabric. Every ulos fabric has meaning, and its patterns also have different meanings. However, in today's world, ulos fabric has be- gun to be forgotten. Many of ulos models and types are circulating, yet people can barely recognize them and sometimes they even do not know that it is a ulos fabric pattern. So to preserve the culture of this ulos fabric, we tried to classify the ulos fabric using the convolutional neural network method. We selected Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) because it shows better results in image recognition in recent years. We get the accuracy of around 87.27% in different factors. The model is then deployed to Application Program- ming Interface (API) to be used in android application that can predict the ulos fabric. The aim of the application and research is to help the people to recognize the ulos fabric pattern by taking pictures of it and then they will get information about the function of the ulos fabrics and its history that lies behind it. Keywords: Ulos fabric, Batak tribe, Convolutional neural network, Machine learning, Deep learning, Android 1. Introduction. Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia which has a diversity of ethnicities and cultures [1]. According to the indonesia.go.id website, Indonesia has 1,340 ethnic groups based on BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik, a Central Bureau of Statistics in Indonesia) census data in 2010 and one of them is the Batak tribe. The Batak tribe is one of the tribes in the Sumatra area, or more precisely North Sumatra. With a population of around 8,466,969, based on the census data, the Batak tribe has a percentage of around 3.58 percent of the total population in Indonesia in 2010 [2]. From the large population of the Batak tribe, the Batak tribe has several sub-ethnicities such as Angkola, Karo, Mandailing, PakPak, Tapanuli, Simalungun, Toba, and Dairi. The sub-ethnic group has a surname or family name, such as Siregar, Lubis, Nasution, and Daulay. All of that is from Mandailing sub-ethnic group alone. The Batak people have many cultures in each of these sub-ethnicities. The cultures that exist in the Batak tribe also vary, from musical instruments, dances, to clothing. Each has their own characteris- tics in each Batak sub-ethnicity [3]. Among Batak cultures, one of the most well-known Batak cultures by the wider com- munity is the ulos fabric. Ulos fabric is a woven fabric that was made directly by the ancestors of the Batak tribe since ancient times. According to its meaning, ulos means a blanket that is useful for warming the body and protecting its users from exposure to cold air, which is the original function of the ulos fabric used by the Batak people. In addition DOI: 10.24507/ijicic.17.03.753 753 754 A. F. SIREGAR AND T. MAURITSIUS to being used as a scarf, nowadays ulos fabric is often used as a beautiful garment with distinctive and attractive motifs. Ulos fabric has several types of motifs such as Bintang Maratur, Mangiring, Ragi Hotang, Sibolang, and Suri-suri. The motifs of the ulos fabric have their own unique meanings and characteristics. For example, ulos Sibolang is given to pay respect to some- one for their services. Ulos Mangiring is used to carry his child, with the hope that the child who is wearing this ulos will continue to be accompanied by his parents and some others with their own different meaning [4]. The Batak tribe nowadays usually uses ulos fabric as a complement for formal events such as weddings, mourning, and other traditional events and people have started to leave this tradition due to decreased cultural interest and the lack of media to introduce this ulos fabric culture. Today's people are more active with technology and one of the most frequently used technologies is smartphone. Based on data from katadata.co.id, smartphone users in Indonesia in 2019 have reached 92 million people. Smartphones have become a medium of communication, information, entertainment, and education in Indonesia. Because of that, for the sake of preserving the culture of ulos, the author creates an android application that can be used to classify ulos based on the motifs or patterns of each. The application is expected to be an educational tool for the public and also as a reference for business needs. According to Causey [5], ulos is one of the exotic cultures and has a selling value. Besides that, the application built is expected to help in preserving the culture. With the development of the era where the image of ulos fabric has more variants, ulos fabric will be more difficult to be identified by the public. One method that can be used to classify ulos fabrics is convolutional neural network or often abbreviated as CNN. CNN is a type of neural networks that is commonly used for data image such as detecting and recognizing objects in an image [6]. In recent years, results of CNN in image classifaction have gained immense success. CNN is one of the best methods to classify and recognize images in Machine Learning (ML) [7]. In various visual learning, image detection and pattern finding tasks CNN has shown great success as compared to other methods. This is the reason in this study we focused and selected the CNN method to classify and recognize ulos fabric patterns. With the help of CNN people are able to find ulos fabric patterns by just taking a picture [8]. Apart from CNN, there is a method for classifying images, namely the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). According to Yan et al. in their journal comparing CNN with SIFT [9], it was found that CNN's performance was slightly better than SIFT and that the application of CNN has also been widely practiced by academics and succeeded in solving problems in image classification. One example of that is Li et al. who apply CNN to the world of medicine with the aim of research being to classify kidney images into Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) by looking at the structure and shape of the kidney [10]; other CNN applications are carried out by Wicaksono et al. for example, who apply CNN to classifying batik by looking at the patterns of the batik [11]. In this study, the authors want to build an android application that can classify the ulos fabric by photographing it, and then the results of the image will be processed using the CNN method to determine the type of ulos fabric being photographed. 2. Literature Review. 2.1. Ulos. Ulos is a woven fabric originated from the Batak tribe in the form of a shawl. This fabric is a symbol of blessing, affection, and unity. In accordance with the Batak saying \Ijuk pangihot ni hodong, ulos pangihot ni holong" which means \If palm fiber is the binding of the fronds on the stem, then ulos is the binding of affection between ULOS FABRIC CLASSIFICATION USING ANDROID-BASED CNN 755 people". Literally, ulos is a blanket that can warm the body and protect the body from exposure to cold air. According to the ancestral beliefs of the Batak tribe, there are three sources that give heat to humans, namely the sun, fire and ulos. Of the three sources of heat, ulos are considered the most comfortable and familiar with everyday life. Once upon a time, the ancestors of the Batak tribe were mountain people, that is how history has been pinned to them. This is due to their habit of living and farming in mountainous areas. Living in the highlands means that they must be prepared to fight against the chill of the weather. This is where the history of ulos begins [4]. Ulos fabric did not immediately become sacred at the beginning of its appearance. In accordance with natural law, ulos has also gone through a fairly long process that takes a long time, before finally becoming a symbol of the Batak tribe as it is today. Unlike ulos that is considered as sacred as we know, in the past, ulos were even used as blankets or sleeping mats by the ancestors of the Batak tribe. According to the official Indonesian tourism website, the ulos fabric currently has a very important role for the Batak community. Ulos is not only used for clothing, but is also used in several rituals and ceremonies such as birth, death and marriage. Now the ulos fabric is an inseparable part of the traditional life of the Batak tribe. 2.2. Convolutional neural network. Basically Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is with a number of convolution layers with the ReLU or Tanh activation function com- monly used in the training process. In a traditional neural network feedforward we connect each neuron to the output of neurons in the next layer, usually called the fully-connected layer or affine layer. On CNN, there are no steps required to take on traditional neural networks, instead we use the convolution method through the input layer to calculate output.