Bagian 3: Sejarah Konflik Bagian 3: Sejarah Konflik.......................................................................................................................1 Bagian 3: Sejarah Konflik.......................................................................................................................5 3.1 Pendahuluan................................................................................................................................5 3.2 Penjajahan Portugis atas Timor-Leste........................................................................................6 Tinjauan .........................................................................................................................................6 Kedatangan Portugis.....................................................................................................................7 Konsolidasi kekuasaan kolonial....................................................................................................8 Pemerintahan Portugis dan resistensi rakyat Timor....................................................................9 Timor Portugis pada Abad ke-20................................................................................................10 Gerakan internasional untuk dekolonisasi dan posisi Portugal.................................................11 Rencana pembangunan Portugis dan berkembangnya sentimen anti penjajah......................12 3.3 Perubahan di Portugal dan proses dekolonisasi......................................................................13 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................13 MFA dan Revolusi Bunga ...........................................................................................................13 Dampak Revolusi Bunga di Timor Portugis ...............................................................................15 Pembentukan partai-partai politik di Timor Portugis..................................................................15 3.4 Suasana internasional dan kebijakan Indonesia terhadap Timor Portugis.............................18 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................18 Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan Timor Portugis.....................................................................18 Indonesia dan komunitas internasional......................................................................................19 Kebijakan Indonesia terhadap Timor Portugis...........................................................................20 3.5 Proses dekolonisasi dan partai-partai politik............................................................................24 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................24 Permulaan kesadaran politik.......................................................................................................24 Susunan partai-partai politik .......................................................................................................25 Perkembangan dan ketegangan internal ...................................................................................26 Partai-partai politik bersiap menghadapi konfrontasi bersenjata ..............................................27 Fretilin dan ancaman komunisme...............................................................................................29 “Misi mustahil” Lemos Pires........................................................................................................31 Koalisi antara UDT dan Fretilin...................................................................................................32 3.6 Keterlibatan Indonesia yang semakin besar di Timor Portugis: destabilisasi dan diplomasi.34 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................34 Operasi Komodo dan Peningkatan operasi rahasia militer .......................................................34 Diplomasi Indonesia....................................................................................................................35 3.7 Gerakan Bersenjata 11 Agustus dan konflik bersenjata internal.............................................40 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................40 UDT Melancarkan Gerakan Bersenjata 11 Agustus..................................................................41 Kegagalan melakukan negosiasi: konflik bersenjata internal....................................................43 UDT mundur ke perbatasan........................................................................................................44 Tanggapan Portugal terhadap konflik internal ...........................................................................45 Tanggapan Indonesia..................................................................................................................45 3.8 Timor Portugis di bawah Administrasi Fretilin ..........................................................................47 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................47 - 1 - Fretilin mengisi kekosongan .......................................................................................................47 Tahanan dan kekerasan politik...................................................................................................48 Memulihkan ketertiban ................................................................................................................50 Pemerintahan ..............................................................................................................................50 Balibo: Indonesia meningkatkan intensitas operasi militer........................................................52 3.9 Deklarasi kemerdekaan sepihak Fretilin, dan tanggapannya..................................................53 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................53 Latar belakang deklarasi kemerdekaan sepihak Fretilin ...........................................................54 Deklarasi kemerdekaan ..............................................................................................................55 Reaksi atas deklarasi kemerdekaan...........................................................................................57 Invasi besar-besaran di ambang pintu .......................................................................................59 3.10 Invasi Besar-Besaran ..............................................................................................................59 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................59 Keputusan Indonesia untuk menginvasi dan melakukan perang terbuka ................................60 Dili mempersiapkan strategi Pertahanannya .............................................................................61 Berbagai persiapan militer Indonesia: Operasi Seroja ..............................................................62 Invasi Dili dan Baucau.................................................................................................................62 Tanggapan PBB terhadap invasi besar-besaran.......................................................................66 3.11 Pengalaman rakyat Timor pada awal pendudukan dan upaya Indonesia untuk meresmikan integrasi............................................................................................................................................68 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................68 ABRI melakukan konsolidasi; Indonesia mendirikan “pemerintahan sementara”....................68 Fretilin mundur, pembantaian tahanan.......................................................................................69 Pergerakan ABRI, awal tahun 1976 ...........................................................................................70 Pengalaman rakyat Timor pada awal pendudukan ...................................................................71 Fretilin menyusun kekuatan kembali ..........................................................................................71 Indonesia Meresmikan Integrasi.................................................................................................72 Operasi Seroja berlanjut—pesawat Bronco OV-10 buatan AS mulai digunakan.....................73 Kebuntuan militer, akhir 1976 .....................................................................................................74 3.12 “Pengepungan dan penghancuran”: tahap akhir Operasi Seroja 1977-79...........................76 Tinjauan .......................................................................................................................................76 Penduduk sipil di gunung-gunung ..............................................................................................76 Kapasitas ABRI terkuras dan