Index Afghanistan Algeria, efforts to combat desertification in, 53–54 desertification in, 53 population growth in, 21 alternative energy sources, 44, 117, snowmelt, dependence on, 87 121 Africa. See Middle East and North Amazon basin, 99–100 Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; animal protein, demand for. See specific countries food chain, moving up agriculture Antarctic ice sheet, 88 climate change affecting, 83–86, Anti-Desertification Organization, 90–92 Iran, 55 foreign acquisition of land for. aquaculture, 17, 24–25, 28–29, 31, See land acquisition deals 33–34 grain yields from. See grain aquifers and aquifer depletion. productivity See water supply irrigation used to expand, 57–59 Argentina no-till farming, 119–20 exports of grain, restrictions on, soil erosion due to overplowing, 12 47 grass-feeding of beef cattle in, soybean production, effects of, 25, 30 97–100 land acquisition deals in, 104 water supply, competition soybean production in, 95 between cities and farms for, Asia. See also specific countries 69–71 climate change in, 87, 89 Agriculture, U.S. Department of, consumption of fish protein in, 41, 45, 90, 119 28 al-Amoudi, Mohammed, 112 grain productivity in, 74–75 Al Ghurair Foods, 102–03 irrigated land in, 58 126 FULL PLANET, EMPTY PLATES Index 127 Asia (continued) Brazil moving up the food chain in, 9, crop yields. See grain productivity land acquisition deals in, 104 biofuels in, 36, 38 26–27, 28, 30, 33–34, 95 Crutzen, Paul, 42 population stabilization in, changes in animal protein population stabilization in, 18–19, 22 consumption in, 31 18–19, 22 Daewoo Logistics, 108 soil erosion in, 17, 18, 48, 53 grass-feeding of beef cattle in, soil erosion and dust bowls in, dairy products, 32–33 Asner, Gregory, 85–86 25, 30 48–50 dam building and irrigation Australian grain import land acquisition deals in, 104 soybeans and, 32, 92, 93–100, reducing riverine flows, 13, negotiations with Yemenis, 12 population stabilization in, 19 104 62–63, 67–69 automobiles. See motor vehicles soybean production in, 32, 95, water supply in, 10, 64–65, 68, deforestation 99–100 70 biofuel production and, 42 Badain Jaran Desert, China, 49 Briscoe, John, 69 Chongqing Grain Group, 104 in early civilizations, 6 Bangladesh Byerlee, Derek, 101 Citadel Capital, 111 population growth and, 17–18 population growth in, 19 climate change, 10–12, 83–92 soil erosion and, 47, 54, 55–56 sea level rise, threat of, 89 carbon taxes, 117 agriculture and crop yields, soybeans, expanded planting of, soil erosion and rising popula- Caribbean, dust storms affecting, effects on, 83–86, 90–92 99–100 tion of grazing animals in, 53 51 biofuel emissions and, 42–43 wildfires, 90, 91 Barringer, Felicity, 69–70 cars. See motor vehicles drought caused by, 89–90 demographic transition, 20–23 beef cattle, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34 cellulose-based biofuels, 41–42 glacial melting and snowmelt, Denmark, wind power in, 117 biofuels, 9–10, 36–44 Chad, Bodélé Depression in, 51 86–89 Department of Agriculture, U.S., biodiesel, 38–39, 42, 105 Chandler, Robert, 75 grain productivity affected by, 41, 45, 90, 119 cellulose-based, 41–42 children 83–86, 90–92 Department of Energy, U.S., 88 changes in motor vehicle education and health care, heat waves, extreme, 90–91 desertification, 47, 48–49, 51–55 efficiency and use and drop in access to, 115–16 preventing food scarcity through Dirt: The Erosion of Civilization demand for, 43–44, 116 malnutrition and hunger, rising climate stabilization measures, (Montgomery), 46 climate change and emissions rates of, 8 116–18 drip irrigation, 118 from, 42–43 milk, access to, 32 rising average temperatures, drought caused by climate change, energy efficiency of, 37–38, China 83–84 89–90 39–40 fertilizer use in, 77 sea level rise, 88–89 dust bowls and dust storms, ethanol, 36–38, 39, 43–44 Geological Environment wildfires, 90, 91 47–51, 54–55, 89–90, 119 government incentives for, 41, Monitoring Institute, 64 Colorado River, 68, 88 dwarf grain varieties, 75–76 42, 116 global warming in, 86–87, 91–92 Congo, Democratic Republic of grain prices affected by, 37, grain productivity in, 10–11, 73, hunger, rising rates of, 8 East Asia 40–41 74, 77–78, 80–82 land acquisition deals in, 112 climate change in, 89 land acquisition deals for grain self-sufficiency as goal in, Conservation Reserve Program, population stabilization in, production of, 42, 101, 103, 96–97 U.S., 5 18–19, 22 104–05 Great Famine of 1959–61, 96 coral reefs, dust storms affecting, education oil prices and, 36–37, 40, 43 irrigation in, 58 51 birth rate and women’s Bodélé Depression, Chad, 51 land acquisition deals of, 13, corn. See grain education levels, 20 Borlaug, Norman, 75 102, 104, 108 crop residues/roughage preventing food scarcity through Bossio, Deborah, 106 limitations on rice production as animal feed, 33 access to, 115–16 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 53 in, 118 cellulose-based biofuels, 41–42 eggs and egg production, 30, 31 128 FULL PLANET, EMPTY PLATES Index 129 Egypt animal feed, problems and moving up the food chain and, geopolitics of food scarcity. See ancient civilization and water solutions regarding, 30–34, 9–10, 24–35. See also food food scarcity, geopolitics of supply in, 58 93–95, 97 chain, moving up Germany grain productivity in, 67–68 beef cattle, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, overproduction and grain grain productivity in, 11, 74, land acquisition deals in 34 surpluses, 4–5 79–80 upstream countries affecting, changes in animal protein population growth and, 9–10, Max Planck Institute for 13, 67–68, 106 consumption patterns, 25–29, 15–23. See also population Chemistry, 42 limitations on rice production 31, 34 growth population stabilization in, 19 in, 118 eggs, 30, 31 preventive measures, 114–23. wind power in, 117 population growth in, 67–68 fisheries and fish farming, 17, See also preventing food glacial melting and snowmelt, world grain price rise, 2007–08, 24–25, 28–29, 31, 33–34 scarcity 86–89 3 growth in demand for animal soil erosion and, 10, 45–56. global warming. See climate electric and hybrid motor vehicles, protein, 24–25 See also soil erosion change 44, 116, 118 life expectancy and, 35 soybeans, 93–100. See also Goudie, Andrew, 51 Energy, U.S. Department of, 88 milk and dairy products, 32–33 soybeans grain ethanol, 36–38, 39, 43–44. See also population growth and, 17, 35 water supply and, 10, 57–71. animal feed, problems and biofuels pork production, 25, 27, 30, 31, See also water supply solutions regarding, 30–34 Ethiopia 95 world grain price rise, 2007–08, biofuels made from. See biofuels land acquisition deals in, 13, 67, poultry production, 26, 28, 30, 3–4, 5, 40, 101 export restrictions, 5–6, 12–13, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112 31, 34, 95 foodless days, incidence of, 8, 114 91, 92, 101 population growth in, 20, 21 preventing food scarcity by foreign acquisition of farmland. indirect grain consumption, Europe. See also specific countries reducing meat consumption, See land acquisition deals 30–32 climate change in, 90 116 Foreign Policy Fund for Peace list, overproduction and grain grain productivity in, 72–74, soil erosion and rising popula- 21 surpluses, 4–5 79–80, 82 tions of grazing animals, 25, forests. See deforestation sea level rise and rice-growing solar and wind power in, 117 48, 52–53, 55 France river deltas, 89 European Environment Agency, 42 food scarcity, geopolitics of, 3–14 climate change in, 90 self-sufficiency as goal in China European Union, biofuel biofuels affecting, 9–10, 36–44. grain productivity in, 11, 48, 73, and soybean shortfall, 96–97 incentives in, 42, 105 See also biofuels 79–80 soybean production increase, exports of grain, restrictions on, climate change and, 10–12, Fraser, Barbara, 88 effects of, 98–100 5–6, 12–13, 91, 92, 101 83–92. See also climate change Frederiksen, Harald, 62 water-efficient crops, encouraging in earlier civilizations, 6, 45–46, French, Howard, 50 use of, 118 failing states, 21–23, 62, 112, 114 122 furrow irrigation, 118 world grain price rise, 2007–08, family planning services, 16, 19 exports of grain, restrictions on, 3–4, 5, 40, 101 farming. See agriculture 5–6, 12–13, 91, 92, 101 Ganges River basin and Delta, world grain stocks, rebuilding, fertilizer and grain productivity, grain productivity, 10–11, 86, 89 120 76, 77–78, 80, 81 72–82. See also grain GEM BioFuels, 105 GRAIN (nongovernmental fisheries and fish farming, 17, productivity genetically modified grains, 76 organization), 103 24–25, 28–29, 31, 33–34 hunger, rising rates of, 7–8 Geological Environment grain productivity, 10–11, 72–82 flood irrigation, 118 land acquisition deals, 13, Monitoring Institute, Beijing, climate change affecting, food chain, moving up, 9–10, 101–13. See also land 64 83–86, 90–92 24–35 acquisition deals Geological Survey, U.S., 70 climate change and, 11 130 FULL PLANET, EMPTY PLATES Index 131 grain productivity (continued) hybrid and electric motor vehicles, Iran displacement of local farmers fertilizer use and, 76, 77–78, 80, 44, 116, 118 snowmelt, dependence on, 87 and villagers by, 106–08 81 hybridized grains, 76 soil erosion in, 55 grain productivity and, 108 irrigation techniques improving, hydropower, 62, 67, 68 Iraq historical incidence of, 101 76, 80 Hyundai Heavy Industries, 111 population growth in, 21 as investment opportunities, land acquisition deals and, 108 soil erosion and dust storms in, 105–06, 110 natural factors influencing India 54–55 local economy and food supply, productivity, 73–75 climate change and glacial water supply in, 62–63 effects on, 111–12 plant breeding and, 75–76 melting in, 86, 87 irrigation.