RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ST. PETERSBURG INTELLIGENTSIA CONGRESS ST. PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES under the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND NATIONAL INTERESTS The 15th International Likhachov Scientific Conference May 14–15, 2015 The Conference is held in accordance with The conference, originally called ‘The Days of Sci - the Decree of President of Russia V. V. Putin en ce in St. Petersburg University of the Humanities ‘On perpetuating the memory and Social Sciences’ is the 23rd in number of Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachov’ and the 15th in the status of the International No 587, dated from May 23, 2001 Likhachov Scientific Conference To implement the project ‘The 15th International Likhachov Scientific Conference’ state funds are used. The funds are allocated as a grant in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 17, 2014 No 11–rp and the tender held by the Association “Znaniye” of Russia St. Petersburg 2015 ББК 72 С56 Scientifi c editor A. S. Zapesotsky, Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the International Likhachov Scientifi c Conference, President of St. Petersburg University of the Humanities and Social Scien ces, correspon- ding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Educa- tion, Dr. Sc. (Cultural Studies), Professor, Scientist Emeritus of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Exe cutive Committee of the Congress of St. Petersburg Intelligentsia. Recommended to be published by the Editorial and Publishing Council of St. Petersburg University of the Humanities and Social Sciences Contemporary Global Challenges and National Interests: the 15th Internatio- C56 nal Likha chov Scientifi c Conference, May 14–15, 2015. St. Peters burg : SPbUHSS, 2015. – 214 p., il. ISBN 978-5-7621-0840-9 Materials 15th International Likhachov Scientifi c Conference which took place on May 14–15, 2015 in SPbUHSS according to the Decree of the Russian President V. V. Putin "On perpetuating the memory of Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachov" are published in the collection. Representatives more than 30 countries of the world took part in the 15th Conference. Among 64 authors of the collection — outstanding domestic scientists, members of the Russian Academy of Sciences: O. T. Bogomolov, R. S. Grinberg, A. A. Guseinov, A. S. Zapesotsky, G. B. Kleiner, V. A. Lektorsky, A. G. Lisitsyn-Svetlanov, A. D. Nekipelov, V. S. Styopin, V. A. Tishkov, V. A. Cheresh- nev, etc.; heads of the academic institutes and research centres, representatives of higher educational institutions, media executives, eminent state and public fi gures, recognized experts in the fi eld of poli- cy, economy, international law, representatives of the creative intellectuals: judge of the Constitution- al Court of the Russian Federation G. A. Hajiyev, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation G. M. Gatilov, Russian Ambassador in Great Britain A. V. Yakovenko, First Deputy Di- rector General of the Russian Information Agency "TASS" M. S. Gusman, Vice-president of Federal chamber of lawyers H. M. Reznik, Dean of the Higher school of television of Lomonosov Moscow State University V. T. Tretyakov. Among foreign authors of the collection — Presidents of the Kyrgyz Republic (1990–2005), the academician A. A. Akayev, the Prime Minister of Pakistan (2004–2007) Sh. Aziz, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister of Finance of Poland (1994–1997, 2002–2003), professor G. W. Kolod- ko, the Minister of Education of Poland (1996–1997) J. Wiatr, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2004–2010) M. A. Moratinos; Ambassador of Mexico in the Russian Federation R. Guerrero, Am- bassador of Spain in the Russian Federation (2008–2011) J. A. March, Consul General in St. Peters- burg M. Faillettaz (Switzerland), member of the House of Lords C. Moynihan (Great Britain), De puty of Legislative Assembly of Delhi A. Lamba (India), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ghana (2003–2007) N. Akufo-Addo, etc.; journalists, observers, publishers: Yu. S. Goligorsky, M. Papadopoulos (Great Britain), T. Kent, W. Tarpley (USA); members of foreign academies of Sciences: D. Ardakani (Iran), V. Prodanov (Bulgaria), P. P. Tolochko (Ukraine). Professors: A. Bassam (Syria), T. Bauer (Germa- ny), A. Bebler (Slovenia), Sh. Weber (USA), B. Wolf (Germany), J. Galbraith (USA), P. Dutkiewicz (Canada), V. Ingimundarson (Iceland), A. Iravani (USA), H. Köchler (Austria), S. M. Mohaghegh Ah- madabadi (Iran), T. Osang (USA), V. della Sala (Italy), J. Sapir (France), T. Türker (Turkey), M. Fujita (Japan), Junyong Zhang (China), N. El Sheikh (Egypt), etc. The role of Likhachov Conference is highly appreciated by the President of the Russian Fede- ration V. V. Putin, noting that "Conference gets more and more wide international resonance, and its agenda is fi lled with signifi cant and topical issues of the present". ББК 72 ISBN 978-5-7621-0840-9 © SPbUHSS, 2015 DECREE OF PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ‘ON PERPETUATING THE MEMORY OF DMITRY SERGEYEVICH LIKHACHOV’ Given D. S. Likhachov’s outstanding contribution to the development of the home science and culture I enact: 1. the Government of the Russian Federation should: – establish two personal grants in honour of D. S. Likhachov at the rate of 400 roubles each for university students from the year 2001 and to define the procedure of conferring them; – work out the project of D. S. Likhachov’s gravestone on a com- petitive basis together with the Government of St. Petersburg; – consider the issue of making a film devoted to D. S. Likhachov’s life and activities. 2. the Government of St. Petersburg should: – name one of the streets in St. Petersburg after D. S. Likhachov; – consider the issue of placing a memorial plate on the building of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Scien- ce (Pushkin’s House); – guarantee the work on setting up D. S. Likhachov’s gravestone in prescribed manner. 3. According to the suggestion from the Russian Academy of Scien- ce the Likhachov Memorial Prizes of the Russian Academy of Science should be established for Russian and foreign scientists for their out- standing contribution to the research of literature and culture of an- cient Russia, and the collected writings of the late Academician should be published. 4. According to the suggestion from St. Petersburg Intel li- gentsia Congress the International Likhachov Scientific Confe- rence should be annually held on the Day of the Slavonic Let- ters and Culture. VLADIMIR PUTIN, President of the Russian Federation Moscow, the Kremlin, May 23, 2001 GREETINGS OF VLADIMIR PUTIN TO THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LIKHACHOV SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE Dear Friends! I am happy to welcome you in St. Petersburg and to congratulate you on the opening of the 12th Likhachov Conference. Your forum is an important event in the social life of Russia and of a number of foreign coun- tries. It traditionally brings together representatives of scientific and artistic communities and com- petent experts. Under globalization, the issues of extending the dialogue of cultures, preventing ethno-con- fessional conflicts are of paramount importance. There is compelling evidence that the huma- nistic ideas of academician D. S. Likhachov, an outstanding Russian enlightener and public figure, are still up-to-date. I am convinced that the suggestions and recommendations drawn up in the course of your meeting will be sought after in practical terms. I wish you new achievements and all the best. President of the Russian Federation V. PUTIN May 17, 2012 Dear Friends! I would like to welcome participants, hosts and guests of the 11th Interna tional Likhachov Scientific Conference! Your forum, traditionally gathering the cream of the Russian intellectual community, prominent scientists and public figures from all over the world in St. Petersburg is an outstanding and remarkable event in the international scientific and cultural life. It is crucial that the topics of the Conference precisely reflect the most urgent and acute humanitarian issues, the main of them being promotion of the dialogue of cultures and civilizations in the modern world, establishment of moral and spiritual foundations of the society. And certainly, one of the priority tasks for you is preserving the invaluable legacy of Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachov, which is as rele vant and significant as before. I wish you fruitful and constructive discussions, interesting and useful meetings. Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V. PUTIN May 5, 2011 Dear Friends! I am sincerely pleased to see you in Saint-Petersburg and open the 10th Anniversary Inter- national Likhachov Conference. This reputable forum is always notable for the substantial membership, comprehensive and effective work, and wide spectrum of issues to be discussed. I am sure that the today’s meeting devoted to the dialogue of cultures and partnership of civilizations should be one more step forward in promoting interconfessional and international communication to bring people closer to each other. And, certainly, again we can see so many Greetings of Vladimir Putin to the Participants of the International Likhachov Scientific Conference 5 prominent people together, among which are scientists, public figures, intellectuals, represen- tatives of arts community, everyone who shares notions and opinions of Dmitry S. Likhachov. I wish you good luck and all the best! Chairman of the Government of the