Alexei Lalo Precursors of Lolita: The Adolescent and his/her Sexualized Body in Russian Erotic Writing of the Silver Age and in Emigration Louis Malle’s 1978 flm Prety Baby, starring Brooke Shields, Keith Carradine and Susan Sarandon, set in a New Orleans bro­ thel in 1917 during the last few months of legal prostitution, tells a love story of Violet, a 13­year­old budding prostitute, and Bel­ locq, a young photographer, perhaps in his early thirties. When the flm came out, it caused a scandal in the US mainly due to Brooke Shields’ (who was 12 at the time) full nudity, but also be­ cause of its lurid main theme: adolescent sexuality and a sexual re­ lationship between a pubescent girl and an adult man. The shock value of the flm was enhanced by the French director’s noticeable “estrangement” in his manner of presenting the events, without really condemning such horrifying societal sores as child prostitu­ tion and sex with minors. However, Malle did not seem to glorify these phenomena either.1 © Alexei Lalo, 2011 http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq 1 Daring flms and literary works like Malle’s Prety Baby or Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita (1955) shock their audiences on both sides of the Atlantic by crossing the lines of the permissible in moral­legal terms and thus in many ways anticipate contemporaneous/subsequent studies of sexualities providing our deeper understanding of sexual attraction and allowing for certain addi­ tional possibilities whenever two consenting partners fnd themselves passion­ ately attracted to one another. Malle’s flm and Nabokov’s novel thus arguably raise the cultural weight of cinema/literature as they enrich the public’s aware­ ness of such controversial social phenomena as a possibility of consensual rela­ tionships whenever one of the partners happens to be considerably younger 27 Prior to Malle’s flm, the theme of adolescent sexuality and of a sexual relationship between a pubescent teenager and an adult had been explored by Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita and Stanley Kubrick’s flm of the same name. US audiences were also better prepared to accept Prety Baby because it was marketed as “histor­ ical fction.” In other words, it was received as a “shock fick” and a historical drama with little relevance to the present. Very few re­ viewers seem to have noticed that it was a flm about human sexu­ ality, including that of female adolescents. As with prostitution in New Orleans, the year of 1917 in Russia became the dividing line between a relative liberalization of atti­ tudes to sexuality in 1890—1917 and Bolshevik onslaught on the sexual and the erotic that culminated, in the early perestroika times, with a Leningrad school teacher telling a TV audience in the USSR and US that “we have no sex in the USSR.”2 True, in the ini­ tial several years of the new regime, while Lenin was still surroun­ ded by relatively freethinking people such as Bonch­Bruevich and Kollontai, certain steps to establish equality between the sexes and a relative sexual freedom were made but they were quickly re­ versed by establishing a totalitarian regime characterized by op­ pressive control of pleasurable sexuality seen as a threat to its ex­ istence. The nature of such control was perhaps best imagined in the well­known dystopias of Zamyatin, Huxley and Orwell. In 1917 Russian literature forked into two fully autonomous traditions: Soviet and emigrant. It is the latter that I am going to briefy discuss in this essay. In trying to create an anti­utopian lit­ erary discourse of sexualities and eroticism the émigré writers had than the legal age of consent via representing such “illicit love” in a cinemato­ graphic or novelistic fctional medium. 2 The woman, Lyudmila Ivanova, made this glorious statement in a 1986 Bo­ ston­Leningrad “television bridge” hosted by Phil Donahue and Vladimir Pozn­ er. She was quite accurate, in a sense: “sex” was almost a swear word in the USSR, associated with “pernicious Western infuence” and was commonly re­ placed by the euphemistic “love” in a “cultured” conversation. But she clearly did not imply that there was no intercourse between men and women in the So­ viet Union. She just wanted to avoid the “loaded” Western term for it. See the Russian Wikipedia for a complete quote: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wi­ ki/В_СССР_секса_нет 28 several creative options and sources. One of these, as has been noted many times, was getting closer to Western modernisms: from Joyce and Kafa (as in the case of Nabokov) to Dos Passos and Henry Miller (as in the case of Georgii Ivanov, his contempor­ ary, a poet and prose writer). Another strategy (oftentimes com­ bined with the frst one) was to look back at the legacy of Russia’s Silver Age and even earlier periods for voices that would seem to deviate from the Russian literary norm of silencing and distorting human sexuality. It was necessary, in other words, to look beyond the Gogol­Dostoevsky and Turgenev­Tolstoy lines of succession in Russian literature. The Legacy of Pushkin: “All Ages are Resigned to Love” The thrust of the Russian utopian tradition — both in literature and in religious philosophy — has always been to dispense with human sexuality, to abolish the sexual act and replace it with oth­ er, spiritual, non­corporeal forms of communication between man and woman. In this environment, the ultimate taboo — and the gravest transgression — was a representation of sexual intercourse or even simply a mutual attraction between a male and female of diferent age groups — most prominently, if one of the partners was much younger than the other. Conversely, writers like Aleksandr Pushkin and Nikolai Leskov, represent an alternative sub­tradition of anti­utopianism, i. e., of trying to imagine sexual relationships in more sympathetic, less sexophobic terms. The anti­utopian sub­tradition, as is now widely believed by critics, starts with Pushkin’s macabre Tale of the Golden Cockerel (1834),3 in which Dadon, an old and lazy tsar, relies on the advice of an old Skopets, or a castrate, in order to protect his kingdom from enemies. The Golden Cockerel (clearly standing for the genit­ als of the castrate living a life of their own) one day points in a dir­ ection where there is no enemy but a tent with an exotic and beau­ tiful Tsarina of Shemakha. The old tsar thus falls a victim to his own nascent sexuality, as Pushkin suggests to his readers that one 3 For a detailed argument, see Etkind, Sodom i Psikheia 135. 29 should not live an asexual life and use castrates as confdants. Dadon’s passionate love for the youthful Tsarina of Shemakha ruined his friendship with the castrate and brought about his viol­ ent murder by the ruthless cockerel. Dostoevsky may have had this stanza in mind when he was creating Fyodor Pavlovich Kara­ mazov, his most memorable libertine, desperately pursuing Grushen’ka, a voluptuous young woman, and ending his life as a victim of “deathly passion.” Examples of sex partners/lovers of diferent age groups abound in Russian literature. Father Sergii in late Tolstoy’s epony­ mous novella was an aristocrat but now is a celibate reclusive monk in his mid­ffties, famous all over Russia for his chastity and healing prowess. Despite his age, he is a good­looking man of a youthful appearance. A few years ago, he axed his own index fnger using the shock of pain to quell his lust for a lascivious wo­ man, but contrary to what Freudian critics have said about it, ob­ viously failed to emasculate himself: some time later, the recluse is seduced by his own 22­year­old patient, an insane but voluptuous young woman, in a stunningly absurd and grotesque scene.4 In the Silver Age, Fyodor Sologub in his detailed and largely sympathetic portrayal of an illicit love afair between a young wo­ man Lyudmilochka and the pubescent gymnasium student Sasha Pylnikov (the 1902 novel The Pety Demon) pioneered portraying a sexualized adolescent in national belles­lettres. Shortly thereafter Aleksandr Kuprin in his novel Sulamith made use of a biblical al­ legory to present a doomed love afair between a middle­aged man and a 13­year­old girl, albeit in the exoticized setting of an­ cient Israel. Finally, in Nabokov’s Lolita a man in his mid­thirties 4 The novella was completed in 1898, but Tolstoy never published it in his lifetime. He wrote to Chertkov that it is really not so much about “struggle with lust,” which is just an “episode” of it, but about a “struggle with fame” (Собра­ ние сочинений 475). But Sergii is much more successful in taming the latter than the former, as he cannot resist the charms of the girl almost three times younger than himself. Tolstoy seems to be hinting that concupiscence is invincible and, whenever an opportunity presents itself, a human being cannot really keep it in check. Not even the same axe that he used to chop his fnger of seven years ago is of any help this time (Отец Сергий 439—440). 30 does realize the deadliness of “passion’s imprint” as his “sad” in­ fatuation with a precocious teenage girl culminates in (self)de­ struction and death.5 What exactly is a common point between all these sexual at­ tractions, afairs, infatuations, loves and/or relationships? Most importantly, it is a vast age diference between the partners. Why did all these authors, starting with Pushkin, choose to portray lov­ ers of diferent ages? Probably, among other goals, in order to cre­ ate a shock efect, sometimes for the sake of parody or satire of Russian society.