THE SECOND CRUSADE AND THE CISTERCIANS Also by Michael Gervers THE HOSPITALLER CARTULARY IN THE BRITISH LIBRARY (Cotton MS Nero E VI). A Study of the Manuscript and its Composition, with a Critical Edition of Two Fragments of Earlier Cartularies for Essex THE CARTULARY OF THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM IN ENGLAND, SECUNDA CAMERA: ESSEX CONVERSION AND CONTINUITY: Indigenous Christi an Communities in Islamic Lands, Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries (co-edited with Ramzi J. Bikhazi) THE CARTULARY OF THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM IN ENGLAND, PRIMA CAMERA: ESSEX THE SECOND CRUSADE AND THE CISTERCIANS Edited by MICHAEL GERVERS Palgrave Macmillan ForMare © Michael Gervers 1992 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1992 978-0-312-05607-0 All rights reserved. For infonnation, write: Scholarly and Reference Division St Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New Yorlc, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United Staes of America in 1992 ISBN 978-1-349-60539-2 ISBN 978-1-137-06864-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-06864-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Second Crusade and the Cistercians I edited by Michael Gervers. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Crusades-Second, 1147-1149. 2. Cistercians. 3. Bemard, of Claimaux, Saint, 1090 or91-1153. I. Gervers, Michael, 1942- . D162.2.S43 1992 909.07-dc20 91-26968 CIP CONTENTS List 0/ Figures ix Listo/Maps . x Abbreviations xi Editor' s Preface • xiii Maps ..... xv Introduction GILES CONSTABLE (The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) • . • . .• xix PART I: BACKGROUND AND IDEOLOGV 1 Tbe Second Crusade and the Redefinition of Ecclesia, Christianitas and Papal Coercive Power YAEL KATZIR (Beit Berl College, Tel Aviv) • • • • • • . • •• 3 2 The Pomeranian Missionary Journeys of Otto I of Bamberg and the Crusade Movement of the Eleventh to Twelfth Centuries KLAUS GUTH (Otto-Friedrich University, Bamberg) •.•• 13 3 St. Bemard and the Jurists JAMES A. BRUNDAGE (University of Kansas) ...•..•. 25 4 Crusade Eschatology as Seen by St. Bemard in the Years 1146 to 1148 HANS-DIETRICH KAHL (Justus-Liebig University, Giessen) ....•...••.••• 35 5 Militia and Malitia: Tbe Bemardine Vision of Chivalry ARYEH GRABOIS (University of Haifal ••..••..•..• 49 6 Tbe Influence of St. Bemard of Clairvaux on the Formation of the Order of the Knights Templar MARIE LUISE BULST-THIELE (Heidalbergl ...•..•..• 57 vi The Second Crusade and the Cistercians 7 Singing the Second Crusade MARGARET SWITTEN (Mount Holyoke College) ...... 67 PART 11: THE CRUSADE 8 The Origins of the Second Crusade: Pope Eugenius III, Bernard of Clairvaux and Louis VII of France JOHN G. ROWE (University ofWestern Ontario) ...... 79 9 The Origin of the Second Crusade GEORGE FERZOCO (University of Montreal) ........ 91 10 Family Traditions and Participation in the Second Crusade JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH (Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London) ....... 101 11 Louis VII and the Counts of Champagne THEODORE EVERGATES (Western Maryland College) 109 12 The Crusaders' Strategy Against Fatimid Ascalon and the "Ascalon Project" of the Second Crusade MARTIN HOCH (University of Freiburg-in-Breisgau) 119 PART 111: THE AFTERMATH 13 The Cistercians and the Aftermath of the Second Crusade BRENDA M. BOL TON (Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London) ............... 131 14 The Frescoes of Schwarzrheindorf, Arnold of Wied and the Second Crusade ANNE DERBES (Hood College) ............... 141 15 Donations to the Hospitallers in England in the Wake of the Second Crusade MICHAEL GERVERS (Scarborough College, University ofToronto) .................... 155 16 Looking Back on the Second Crusade: Some Late Twelfth-Century English Perspectives PETER W. EDBURY (University of Wales College of Cardiff) .......... 163 The Second Crusade and the Cisterclans vII 17 Reflections on Art in Crusader Jerusalem about the Time of the Second Crusade: c. l14O-c. 1150 JAROSLAV FOlDA (University of North Carolina) 171 18 Cistercian Houses in the Kingdom of Jerusalem DENYS PRINGlE (Historie Buildings and Monuments, Edinburgh) ..... 183 19 The Cistercians in Cyprus JEAN RICHARD (University of Dijon) . • . • . 199 Bibliography . 211 Index. 254 LIST OF FIGURES ,. The Vision of Ezekiel, lower church, St. Clement, Schwarzrheindorf (from Verbeek). 148 2. The Purification of the Temple, lower church, St. Clement, Schwarzrheindorf (from Neu) ............... 149 3. The Crucifixion, lower church, St. Clement, Schwarzrheindorf (from Königs) .. 150 4. Virtues and Vices, lower church, St. Clement, Schwarzrheindorf (from Verbeek) ...... 151 5. Graph showing percentage growth of Cistercian, Templar and Hospitaller administrative centers in England from 1128 to 1200 . .. 160 6. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, south facade entrance (woodcut after a sketch by Erhard Reuwich of Utrecht, 1486) . .. 179 7. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, south facade entrance (view in the early twentieth century with figural and vine-scrolllintels in place) .............. 180 8. cAin Karim, St. John in the Woods: plan ofthe monastic complex (drawn by Peter E. Leach, after Bagatti Santuario and BSAJ Survey 1981) . 191 9. cAin Karim, St. John in the Woods: plan ofthe church (drawn by Peter E. Leach, after Bagatti Santuario and BSAJ Survey 1981) . .. 192 10. Belmont Abbey (Dair Balamand), Lebanon: plan of the monastic complex (drawn by Peter E. Leach, after Enlart "Belmont") . 193 1 1. CAllar as-Sufia (Horvat Tannur): plan of a twelfth-century monastic complex, possibly that of Salvatio (drawn by Peter E. Leach, from BSAJ Survey 1981) . 194 x Tba Saeond Crusada and tha Clstarelans 12. cAllar as-Sufla (lJorvat Tannur): plan of the church (drawn by PeterE. Leach, from BSAJ Survey 1981) ..... , 195 13. Ground plan of Beaulieu Abbey, Nicosia, Cyprus (from Enlart "Nicosie"). .. 206 LlSTOF MAPS Map 1. Western Europe at the time of the Second Crusade . xv Map 2. Central Europe and the Italian Peninsula at the time of the Second Crusade . xvi Map 3. The North Eastern Mediterranean at the time of the Second Crusade . xvii Map 4. The Latin East at the time of the Second Crusade.. xviii ABBREVIATIONS attr. attributed Beds. Bedfordshire bk(s). book(s) BN Bibliotheque Nationale BSAJ British School of Archaeology in Jerusalern c. Causa c. capitulum, circa cf. compare ch(s). chapter(s) col(s). column(s) comp. compiled by cm. centimeter(s) d. pence ed(s). edited by, edition, editor(s) e.g. for example Eng. English epist. epistola, letter esp. especially et al. and others Ez. Ezekial fasc. fascicule ff. and page(s) following fig(s). figure(s) [,,(.) folio(s) Fr./fr. French Herts. Hertfordshire Hosp. Hospitaller(s) ibid. same as above km. kilometer(s) Lat.llat. Latin Leics. Leicestershire xII Tbe S.eond Cruud. end th. Clst.relans m. meter(s) ms. manuscript n. note n.s. new series no(s). number(s) Notts. N ottinghamshire p. page para(s). paragraph(s) pl(s). plate(s) pp. pages pr. praefatio Ps. Psalm pt(s). part(s) pub!. published q. Questio ref. reference reg. register/registrum rev. revised rpt. reprinted RS RoUs Series s. shilling(s) sero series St. Saint s.v. sub verbo (under the word) tr(s). translated by, translator(s) v. verbo vol(s). volume(s) Wm. William Yorks. Yorkshire EDITOR'S PREFACE T he present volume was conceived by members of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, and represents the collaborative effort of twenty scholars from six nations on three continents. The Society recognized that although many crusades to the Holy Land failed to meet their objectives, none has received so liule attention in modem crusade historiography as the Second. The various chapters appearing here were solicited in order to redress that lacuna, and to show how important the Second Crusade was in shaping what was dearly the most significant, long-term political and religious institution al movement of medieval Europe in the post-millenium period. Equally important is the dose link established in every chapter between that movement and the Cistercians. The wide range of subjects touched upon by the contributors to this study is a harbinger of the new directions presently being explored by historians, art historians, archaeolo­ gists and musicologists alike. The preparation of this volume for publication was as much a collabora­ tive undertaking as was its writing. The editor is particularly indebted to David Harvie for his assistance in all aspects of the project, particularly the compilation ofthe Bibliography, the standardization of the notes, and matters conceming computer software. A splendid job of text editing was performed by Sarah Brierley*, Gillian Long* and Martha Smith *. Martha, together with Carol Stoppel*, developed the maps, while Carol prepared the Index. The maps were drawn in the cartography office of the University of Toronto by J ane Davie under the direction of Professor Geoffrey Matthews. Much help was generously provided by the staff ofthe Robarts Library ofthe University of Toronto and of the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, particularly by Mary English, the Rev. Donald F. Finlay, N ancy McElwee, Mary McTav­ ish and Caroline Suma. The layout of the Bibliography was established by Pawel D. Thommee using WORDPERFECT macros. Fig. 5 was produced in SAS by Rodolfo Fiallos* and Thong Nguyen*. Dr. Ramzi J. Bikhazi offered valuable advice and editorial assistance at the commencement of the xiv The Second Crusade and the Cisterelans project. Financial support was kindly made available by the University of Toronto and, for those persons marked with an asterisk, by the Canadian Job Strategy Programme, a division of Canada Employment and Immigration. Secretarial support was offered by Barbara Gover through the good graces of Professor John Warden, Chair of Humanities, Scarborough Campus, University of Toronto. All citations in the notes have been abbreviated, with full references corresponding to those abbreviations appearing in the Bibliography. Con­ taining as it does over seven hundred entries, the Bibliography is itself a unique source of reference for the study of the Second Crusade.