Appendix 1 Amphibious Ships and Craft Ships ADCS Air Defence Control Ship AKA Attack Cargo Ship APA Attack Transport ATD Amphibious Transport Dock CVHA Assault Helicopter Carrier (later LPH) LPD Amphibious Transport Dock LPH Assault Helicopter Carrier LSC Landing Ship, Carrier LSD Landing Ship, Dock LSE(LC) Landing Ship, Emergency Repair (Landing Craft) LSE(LS) Landing Ship, Emergency Repair (Landing Ship) LSF Landing Ship, Fighter Direction LSG Landing Ship, Gantry LSH Landing Ship, Headquarters LSH(C) Landing Ship, Headquarters (Command) LSI Landing Ship, Infantry LSL Landing Ship, Logistic LSM Landing Ship, Medium LSM(R) Landing Ship, Medium (Rocket) LSP Landing Ship, Personnel LSS Landing Ship, Stern Chute LSS(R) Landing Ship, Support (Rocket) LST Landing Ship, Tank LST(A) Landing Ship, Tank (Assault) LST(C) Landing Ship, Tank (Carrier) LST(D) Landing Ship, Tank (Dock) LST(Q) administrative support ship LSU Landing Ship, Utility LSV Landing Ship, Vehicle MS (LC) Maintenance Ship (Landing Craft) MS (LS) Maintenance Ship (Landing Ship) M/T Ship Motor Transport Ship W/T Ship Wireless Tender 212 Appendix 1 213 Barges, craft and amphibians DD Duplex Drive (amphibious tank) DUKW amphibious truck LBE Landing Barge, Emergency repair LBK Landing Barge, Kitchen LBO Landing Barge, Oiler LBV Landing Barge, Vehicle LBW Landing Barge, Water LCA Landing Craft, Assault LCA(HR) Landing Craft, Assault (Hedgerow) LCA(OC) Landing Craft, Assault (Obstacle Clearance) LCC Landing Craft, Control LCE Landing Craft, Emergency Repair LCF Landing Craft, Flak LCG Landing Craft, Gun LCH Landing Craft, Headquarters LCI Landing Craft, Infantry LCI(G) Landing Craft, Infantry (Gunboat) LCM Landing Craft, Mechanized LCN Landing Craft, Navigation LCP Landing Craft, Personnel LCP(R) Landing Craft, Personnel (Ramped) LCP(SY) Landing Craft, Personnel (Survey) LCP(U) Landing Craft, Personnel (Utility) LCQ administrative support craft LCR Landing Craft, Raiding LCS Landing Craft, Support LCS(R) Landing Craft, Support (Rocket) LCT Landing Craft, Tank LCT(R) Landing Craft, Tank (Rocket) LCU Landing Craft, Utility LCV Landing Craft, Vehicle LCVP Landing Craft, Vehicle and Personnel LVT Landing Vehicle, Tracked LVT(A) Landing Vehicle, Tracked (Armoured) ML Motor Launch MLC Motor Landing Craft NLVT(X) Naval Landing Vehicle Tracked (Experimental) The designation (L), (M) and (S) following the name of a ship or craft means large, medium and small respectively. For example, LSI(M) is a Landing Ship, Infantry (Medium) while LCG(L) is a Landing Craft, Gun (Large). The 214 Appendix 1 number following the name of a ship or craft indicates the particular model. For example, LCT(8) is a Landing Craft, Tank, Mark 8. For ease of reference standard American nomenclature for landing craft has been used throughout this book. This system was not adopted by the British until 1942. Prior to this LCTs were known as Tank Landing Craft, LCMs were known as Mechanized Landing Craft and LCAs were known as Assault Landing Craft. In the Mediterranean theatre they were known as A Lighters, B Lighters and C Lighters respectively. Appendix 2 Abbreviations 1SL First Sea Lord ACO Adviser on Combined Operations AEW Airborne Early Warning AOTC Amphibious Operations Training Centre ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare ATF Assault Training Force AW Amphibious Warfare AWHQ Amphibious Warfare Headquarters AWSS Amphibious Warfare Signal School AWXE Amphibious Warfare Experimental Establishment BJSM British Joint Services Mission CAS Chief of the Air Staff CAW Chief of Amphibious Warfare CCO Commodore, Combined Operations (December 1941 – March 1942) CCO Chief of Combined Operations (from March 1942) CCOR Chief of Combined Operations Representative (at the BJSM) CGRM Commandant General, Royal Marines CIGS Chief of the Imperial General Staff COCOS Chief of Combined Operations Staff CODC Combined Operations Development Centre COHQ Combined Operations Headquarters COJP Combined Operations Joint Planner COLO Combined Operations Liaison Officer COS Chiefs of Staff COSSAC Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander COXE Combined Operations Experimental Establishment CTC Combined Training Centre CTE Combined Training Establishment DCAS Deputy Chief of the Air Staff DCIGS Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff DCO Director of Combined Operations DCOM Director of Combined Operations Material DCOS(IT) Deputy Chiefs of Staff, Inter-Services Training Sub-Committee DNC Director of Naval Construction DXSR Director of Experiments and Staff Requirements 215 216 Appendix 2 GOC General Officer Commanding ISTDC Inter-Services Training and Development Centre JFSC Joint Fire Support Committee JOC Joint Operations Centre NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization RAC Royal Armoured Corps RAF Royal Air Force RAW Responsibility for Amphibious Warfare RNVR Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve RTR Royal Tank Regiment USMC United States Marine Corps USN United States Navy VACTC Vice Admiral, Combined Training Centre VCAS Vice Chief of the Air Staff VCIGS Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff VCNS Vice Chief of the Naval Staff Appendix 3 Principal Characters Military figures 1945–1956 First Sea lord 1943–46 Sir Andrew Cunningham (Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope) 1946–48 Sir John Cunningham 1948–51 Bruce, Lord Fraser of North Cape 1951–55 Sir Rhoderick McGrigor 1955–59 Louis, Earl Mountbatten of Burma Chief of the Air Staff 1940–46 Sir Charles Portal 1946–50 Sir Arthur Tedder 1950–53 Sir John Slessor 1953–56 Sir William Dickson 1956–60 Sir Dermot Boyle Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1946–48 Viscount Montgomery 1948–52 Sir William Slim 1952–55 Sir John Harding 1955–58 Sir Gerald Templer Chief of Combined Operations/Amphibious Warfare 1940 Lieutenant-General A. G. B. Bourne (Royal Marines)1 1940–41 Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Keyes (Royal Navy)2 1941–43 Lord Louis Mountbatten (Royal Navy) 1943–47 Major-General R. E. Laycock (Army) 1947–50 Major-General G. E. Wildman-Lushington (Royal Marines) 1950–54 Major-General V. D. Thomas (Royal Marines) 1954–57 Major-General C. F. Phillips (Royal Marines) 217 218 Appendix 3 Political figures 1945–56 Prime Minister 1945–51 Clement Attlee (Labour) 1951–55 Winston Churchill (Conservative) 1955–57 Anthony Eden (Conservative) Minister of Defence 1945–46 Clement Attlee 1946–50 A. V. Alexander 1950–51 Emanuel Shinwell 1951–52 Winston Churchill 1952–54 Earl Alexander of Tunis 1954–55 Harold Macmillan 1955 Selwyn Lloyd 1955–56 Walter Monckton 1956–57 Anthony Head First Lord of the Admiralty 1945–46 A. V. Alexander 1946–51 George, Viscount Hall 1951 Francis, Lord Pakenham 1951–56 James P. L. Thomas, Viscount Cilcennin 1956–57 Quentin, Viscount Hailsham Notes Introduction 1. BR1806, The Fundamentals of British Maritime Doctrine (London: HMSO, 1995) 2. Public Records Office, Kew (henceforth, PRO): DEFE 2/1760, Amphibious Warfare Handbook No. 4. 3. R. Gardiner, Steam, Steel, and Shellfire. The Steam Warship 1815–1905 (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1992), Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. Andrew Lambert, The Crimean War, British Grand Strategy, 1853–1856 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990). 4. Lambert, The Crimean War, passim. 5. Paul Halpern, A Naval History of World War One (London: UCL Press, 1994), p. 3. Andrew Lambert, ‘The Royal Navy, 1856–1914: Deterrence and the Strategy of World Power’, in Keith Neilson and Elizabeth Errington (eds), Navies and Global Defence: Theories and Strategy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995), p. 86. 6. Lambert, ‘The Royal Navy, 1856–1914’, pp. 69–92. 7. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1890), p. 315. 8. PRO:DEFE 2/1900, A Short Review of the History and Development of British Amphibious Warfare. 9. Julian Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (London: Longmans, 1911), p. 14. 10. C. E. Callwell, The Effect of Maritime Command on Land Campaigns Since Waterloo (London: William Blackwell & Sons, 1987). 11. C. E. Callwell, Military Operations and Maritime Preponderance: Their Relations and Interdependence (London: William Blackwell & Sons, 1905). 12. C. E. Callwell, Military Operations and Maritime Preponderance: Their Relations and Interdependence (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996). 13. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (London: Fontana Press, 1991), p. 238. 14. Arthur J. Marder, From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919. Volume 1 (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 383–94 and Volume 2, pp. 176–91. Barry M. Gough, ‘Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher’, and Nicholas A. Lambert, ‘Admiral Sir Arthur Knyvett Wilson’, in Malcolm Murfett (ed.), The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995). 219 220 Notes 15. John Gooch, The Plans of War. The General Staff and British Military Strategy 1900–1916 (London: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1974), chapter 9. 16. David Massam, British Maritime Strategy and Amphibious Capability 1900–1940 (PhD dissertation, Oxford University, 1995), chapter one. 17. Major-General Sir George Aston, Letters on Amphibious Wars (London: John Murray, 1920), p. 117. 18. Marder, From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Volume 1, p. 383. 19. Phillip Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez, 1947–1968 (London: Oxford University Press, 1973). Chapter 1 Amphibious Renaissance 1. Sir Julian Corbett, Naval Operations – Volume 1 (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1920), p. 374. 2. For example, see A. J. Marder, From the Dardanelles to Oran, Studies of the Royal Navy in War and Peace 1915–40 (London: Oxford University Press,