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Reproduced with with permissionpermission of of the the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. CHALLENGING HEGEMONY: LABOR, CAPITAL, AND DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE AND KAZAKHSTAN by Leo B. Simmons submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs C h a ir. Mustapha K. Pasha Sally W. Stoecker luniLo CaJ< 3 ~ en > L Louis W. Goodman, Dean 1 i D ate 1998 American University Washington, DC 20016 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1396336 UMI Microform 1396336 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ®COPYRIGHT 'b y LEO B. SIMMONS I9S 8 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. For Carolyn and Paul Page Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHALLENGING HEGEMONY: LABOR, CAPITAL, AND DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE AND KAZAKHSTAN BY LEO B. SIMMONS ABSTRACT This is a comparative study designed to induce conclusions generated from an analysis of the labor-capital relationship now forming in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Both nations face severe economic crisis and are composed of very weak social actors. The situation favors a turn toward authoritarian regimes. This study takes as its primary focus the potential for labor to direct national development priorities. The context of this paper is transformation in the social relations of production. Workers in the post-Soviet world are challenged by a global neoliberal restructuring accelerated by the end of the Cold War. Nonetheless, workers are mounting resistance, somewhat unevenly, depending on their social and structural position. It will be found that workers in Ukraine are in a advantageous position to affect the direction of market reform. Kazakh workers, however, are stratified by ethnic factors that diminishmobilization potential to influence government policy. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS —A b strac t....................................................................................................................... .a List of Tables............................................................................................................... iv List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................... v I. Introduction: Comparative Political Economy and Post-Soviet Transition... 1 A. Social Change In Retrospect ......................................................................7 B. Mapping Change From State Socialism................................................... 9 —IT. PftrRHt.rnikfl: B reakin g The Bonds Of SociaTCohesion ................................. .Tt7 DI. Post-Soviet Transformation ............................................................................ 22 A Creating A Market Culture......................................................................UO B. Catastrophe In The Context Of The Market ......................................... 33 C. ^Historical Determinism And Post-Fordism .U 6 IV. Ukraine: A Working Class Cauldron ................................................................40 V. Kazakhstan: A Proletarian Awakening .......................................................... .U0 VI. The Imperial Production Order 7 5 VH. Globalization And Labor Resistance In The Postcommunist World 80 VUI. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 87 -Bibliography............................................................................................................... 92 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES T able 1. A verage R e a l W a g e s in S e lec t ed S e c t o r s , J a n u a r y , 1 9 9 4 (U k r a in e )..........................................................................................................................................4 7 T able 2 . N um ber o f S t r ik e s a n d D ays Loot b y S ecto r 1 9 9 0 -1 9 9 3 (U k r a in e ) ..........................................................................................................................................4 8 T able 3 . S e lec t ed S o cial a n d E conom ic In d ic a t o r s 1 9 9 2 -1 9 9 6 (Kazakhstan) ................................................................................................................................. 7 1 T able 4 . Appro x im ate N u m b e r o f P eo ple P articipating in P r o t e st A ctivity 1 9 9 5 -1 9 9 8 (K az a k h st a n ) ................................................................................................................................. 7 3 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ^ F i g u r e 1 . U k r a i n e .........................................................................................................................................r42 F i g u r e 2. K a z a k h s t a n ..................................................................................................................................6 4 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I. INTRODUCTION: COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY ^AND POST-SOVIET TRANSITION The happiness of mankind is a great goal, and if, in accordance -witfcrMarx, it is near and fuUyattainabie, then it’s understandable why people went into this ‘last battle’ and sacrificed their lives. —Only after a century has it become patently clear that the last verge to the Marxist final battle is not in sight, and not tens, but -tens-ofmriffions of human lives have been ruined, but, alas, the radiant dream of mankind hasn’t come the least bit closer, but, on - -the-contrary, in countries where Marxism has been victorious, it -isn’t the heavenly orders that have triumphed by unym eans.1 The euphoria that swept Eastern Europe and Eurasia almost ten —years-ago is~now over. Paths todfae-new order have-been cast with some nations reproducing nearly identical social structures, others clearly forging —more liberal societies. The transition from state socialism to-advanced capitalism entails that forces from the past and present construct new , —realities and relationships within and among civic associations, government, and the economy. The labor-capital relationship that is developing in —Kazakhstan and Ukraine indicates a concrete problem for democratization. Both countries face severe economic crisis and are composed of very weak —soetahactors. Unless-a more equitable process of distribution and representation develops, these states will be relegated to autocratic regime . —structures well into the future. 1Anatoly Gladilin, Moscow Racetrack (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis Publishers, 1990) 29. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 This study takes as its primary focus the potential