Edited by Aloysius-Michaels Okolie Shuaibu Ibrahim Hassan Saliu qi{IJ. (lNI- ~ t ~Y\Ai) ~ ~~vi~] Governance, &+"" Economvand National Securitv in Nigeria Edited by Aloysius-Micha els Okolie Shuaibu Ibrahim Hassan Saliu Published by the Nigerian Political Science Associati on June, 201 6 Governance, Economy and National Security in Nigeria © Nigerian Political Science Association President Vice Presi Secretary Assistant~ Treasurer Internal AI First Published 2016 by Ex-Officio Nigerian Political Science Association {NPSA) C/o Department of Political Science Director of Nasarawa State University, Keffi 1. Profess 2. Profess ISBN: 978-978-50037-5-8 3. Profess 4. Profess ~ 5. Profess1 6. Professa 7. Professo Printed in the Federal Republic of Nigeria by 8. Profess9 TIMEX, Enugu - 234- 8062885765 9. Professo 10. ProfessoI 11. ProfessolI 12. Professo! 13. Dr. Paulli 14. Professor 15. Professo f 16. Professor All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, 17. Professor transcribed, stored in a r.etrieval system or translated into any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, chemical, thermal, manual or otherwise, without the prior consent in writing of the Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA). lll NIGERIAN POLITI CAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (NPSA) Executive Committee, 2015-2017 President Professor Shuaibu A. Ibrahim Vice President Professor Hassan Saliu Secretary Dr Yahaya A. Adadu Assistant Secreta ry Dr Jo hn Tor Tsuwa Treasurer Dr Linda Kwon-Ndung Internal Auditor Dr C. Jaja Nwanegbo Ex-Officio Members - Professor 0. B.C. Nwolise Professor Abdullahi Sule (Immediate Past President) Director of Research/Editor, NPSA Journal - Professor Michaels-Aioysius Okolie Past Presidents of the NPSA 1. Professor Billy Dudley, University of lbadan 1973-74 2. Professor Babs William, University of Lagos 1974-75 3. Professor MichaelS. 0. Olisa, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1975-77 4. Professor Ali D. Yahaya, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 1977-79 5. Professor Omo Omoruyi, University of Benin, Benin City 1979-80 6. Professor Claude Ake, University of Port-Harcourt 1980-82 7. Professor Okwudiba Nnoli, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1982-84 8. Professor Sam Oyovbaire, University of Benin, Benin City, 1984-86 9. Professor J. Moyibi Amoda, University of Lagos, 1986-88 10. Professor John A.A. Ayoade, University of lbadan, 1988-90 11. Professor Aaron T. Gana, University of Jos, 1990-92 12. Professor Leo Dare, Obafemi Awolowo University, lie lfe 1992-98 13. Dr. Paullzah, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 1998-03 14. Professor L. Adele Jinadu, CASS, Port-Harcourt 2003-05 15. Professor Humphrey Assisi Asobie, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2005-07 16. Professor Sam Gabriel Egwu, Kogi State University, Ayingba 2007-12 itted, 17. Professor Abdullahi Sule, Bayero University Kana, 2012-15 eans, thout IV PREFACE The Proceeding with the theme Governance, Economy and National Security in Nigeria is a ~ publication of the Nigerian Political Science Association based on papers presented at the p 1 Nigerian Political Science Association annual conference of June 29 through 1' July, 2015, at p the Nasarawa State University, Keffi. N N Collectively the papers presented concise and concrete perspectives of the state of the nation and Nigerian politics. Members of the Nigerian Political Science Association, after deliberating for two days at the Keffi conference, came up with diversifying but illuminating perspectives A. on issues bordering on governance and management of the common wealth and the implications on National Security and development. To further disseminate the scintillating Th perspectives, the leadership of the NPSA was able to compile, edit and put together this robust academic publication, for our rank and file, the academic community and the public Go readership. int It is worthy of note that many papers were presented at the conference. The papers ThE transcend issues of national security, political boundaries, neo-liberal economic policies, Pee: insurgency, electoral violence, ethno/ religious identities and conflicts in Nigeria, while it also &A recommended some solutions to the nation's problems. Suggestions were equally proffered on how the nation can move forward on issues of political Den transformation, governance, socio-economic cum religious perspectives of a multi-cultural c.}( nation. A lot of the presentations dwelt on nationhood and institutional leadership within Nigeria, Africa and beyond. Spanning over a decade, our assessment of the Nigeria condition Derr remained a testimony of how bad governance, corruption, inappropriate economic policies Enoj have rema ined major cankerworms and obstacles to our quest for nationhood. Pove I welcome this publication, as a unique development that will help in enhancing our academic A foe pursuit in Social Sciences . The journal is highly recommended for our tertiary institutions and the general public as a positive contribution by academics eager to emancipate the Nigerian Educ. nation. On behalf of all our members, I welcome this academic exercise. This, I do to the glory Natic of God and the benefit of mankind and humanity. Partis Professor Shuaibu A. Ibrahim Rethi1 President, Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA) Department of Political Science, Millen Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. allevia Josept. v CONTENTS Nation al Executive of the NPSA - iii 1 Nigeria is a iii Past Presidents of the NPSA ?nted at the iv Preface- 2015, at vii tv, Notes on the Editors vii Notes on Contributors :the nation leliberating 1 A. Governance, Democracy and Development erspectives h and the The Missing Rib of Nigeria's Democracy - Hassan A. Saliu and Solomon I. lfejika 2 ;cinti\lating :>ether this :> Good governance, bad governance and national security: the public 30 interrogating the dichotomy.- Audu Jacob (Ph .D), ·he papers The Role of Security Agencies in the Management of Conflict and Peace Process in Nigeria: An Appraisal- Muhammed Bello Baban' umma (Ph .D) ic policies, 40 thile it also & Abdullahi Mohammed Abdul - Democratic Leadership and Good Governance in Nigeria 49 of political C. Jaja Nwanegbo, PhD - 1lti-cultural 1 hip within De mocratic Governance and National Security in Nigeria's 4 h Republic ­ 1 64 1 condition Enoj o, Ken nie Enojo PhD, 1ic policies Poverty and development strategies in Nigeria: A focus on the fourth republic- Dr Yahaya Abdulla hi Adadu, 89 ·academic utions and Educational Development of the Nigerian Youth : It s Implica tion on 100 ,e Nigerian Natio na l Development - James Jacob, Ph .D, & Olusola E. Akintola, 0 the glory Partisa n Po litics and National Integration in Nigeria: 110 Reth inking Ni geria's 'Unity' in Diversity - Odum, Mbanefo {Ph .D), Millennium development goals (M DGS) as strategies for poverty alleviation in Nigeria: ornamentation or reality. 126 Joseph Okwesifi Nkwede, Ph.D. and Larry E. Udu, Ph .D. - VI B. Election Administration and Reforms 137 The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and the 2011 Elections: Prof( A Non-Ro mantic View- Hassan A. Saliu and Solomon I. lfejika 138 State curre Electoral Reforms and Stable Democracy in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects happ lloh Judith mary Ogochukwu, & Muktar Bashir, - 160 Profe an ex Participation of Women in 2015 Electoral Politics in Nigeria,­ outlet Eme, Okechukwu Innocent 166 the U1 Vice P c. Leadership, Conflicts and National Security 180 Aloysi Leadership, corruption and economic development in Nigeria's lecturE Fourth Republic- Dr Usman Abu Tom 181 Citizenship and the Settler-I ndigene Dichotomy in Nigeria: An Assessment of Government Response .- Dr Moses Metumara Duruji 192 Institutional Mechanisms and Management of Diversities: Law& A critical Review of 1999-2015 Constitution as Measurement of National Integration in Nigeria- Michael Abiodun Oni Ph .D. 211 Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Challenges to Political Stability in Nigeria Solomo lsmaila A. Da njuma 224 From Civil Military Rela tions to Security Sector Reform: The Need for an Integrated Security Sector Reform in Nigeria, Atelhe, George Atelhe Ph .D, & Efefiong, Edet A, & Omojarabi Wa siu Femi 235 Mainstreaming Gender into National Security in Nigeria Aishatu Morido Yanet & Blessing Oisamoje 244 D. State and International Relations 253 The State and the Use of Local Technology for Oil Refining in Nigeria's Niger Delta - Matthew D. Ogali (PhD) & Doris R. Chukwu (P hD) - 254 un Nigeria- Russia ·Relations: After and Now- Dr Edgar Aguba mah - 268 ( An Assessment of Nigeria- United States' Security Relations in Joseph The Fourth Republ ic, -Monday Dickson, PhD, & Umoh A. Kofi, PhD 277 Sciences & Vll Notes on the Ed itors 137 Professor Shuaibu Ahmed Ibrahim is a lecturer in the Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University keffi. An author several books, journal articles and technical papers. He is the 138 current President of the Nigeria Political Science Association (NPSA). He hails from Kogi. State is happily married w ith six children. 160 Professor Hassan A. Saliu is of t he Department of Political Science, University of I Iorin, !Iorin. He is an expert in International Relations whose articles have appeared in many reputable publication outlets across the world. Professor Saliu over a decade has been teaching research methodology at 166 the Un iversity of !I orin and has edited three volumes on the subject. Professor Saliu is the current Vice President of the NPSA. 180 Aloysius-Michaels Okolie Ph.D is a Professor of Pol itical Science (International Rel