Project Number: CAB-001 ` THE DEVELOPMENT & SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF A SPEED MODEL FOR TERRAIN PARK JUMPS An Interactive Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Heather M. La Hart Date: Professor Chris A. Brown, IQP Advisor 1. Safety Analysis & Liability Project Number: CAB-001 ABSTRACT The objective of this project was to develop ways to design safer terrain parks. Two separate models, The Geometrical Jump Design Model and The Speed Model, were developed and produced criteria for the initial design and predicted the speed for any jump. To understand the opinions of society on terrain park safety and this research, questionnaires were distributed within the skiing culture. Through field data and surveys it was found that utilizing terrain park design models and integrating them into society and terrain would mostly be welcomed and used. ii Project Number: CAB-001 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to acknowledge Dan Delfino a fellow friend and student at WPI for his ongoing and continuous help, additions, and support of this project over the past two years. I would also like to thank my advisor Professor Chris Brown for the inspiration of this project, his continuous hard but helpful criticism, advice, guidance, and support throughout the entirety of this research. I would like to thank Hanna St.John for providing me a place to stay while conducting my research and support in Colorado. I would also like to thank the resorts of Copper Mountain and Breckenridge Mountain which made collecting data for this research possible. I would also like to thank the skiers, snowboarders, competitors, managers, and ski patrollers for their opinions and time they gave throughout this research. I would also like to thank Jasper Shealy for releasing his work on this research to me. I would also like to thank my grandfather, parents, and my boyfriend for which without their support, guidance, and patience this project would not be possible. Also for anyone who helped in the support and addition of this project, thank you. iii Project Number: CAB-001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RATIONALE.......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 STATE OF THE ART............................................................................................... 6 1.3 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................... 6 2 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 8 2.1 NORDIC SKI JUMPING........................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Ski Jumping Hill & Competition Specifications ......................................... 9 2.1.2 Ski Jumping Research............................................................................... 10 2.2 FREESTYLE INVERTED AERIALS......................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Inverted Aerials Site & Specifications ...................................................... 12 2.2.2 Freestyle Inverted Aerials Research......................................................... 13 2.3 NEWSCHOOL SKIING AND TERRAIN PARKS ........................................................ 18 2.3.1 USSA Terrain Park Specifications............................................................ 20 2.3.2 Terrain Park Research.............................................................................. 20 2.4 LAW, SOCIETY, & TERRAIN PARKS.................................................................... 22 2.4.1 The Law..................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Governing Bodies...................................................................................... 25 2.4.3 Society....................................................................................................... 25 3 TERRAIN PARK SAFETY, AWARENESS, & EDUCATION......................... 27 3.1 SMART STYLE .................................................................................................... 27 3.2 PSIA FREESTYLE TERRAIN PARK EDUCATION & CERTIFICATION ..................... 29 3.3 TERRAIN PARK SAFETY & AWARENESS PROGRAMS .......................................... 29 4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 32 4.1 FIELD RESEARCH ............................................................................................... 32 4.1.1 Materials................................................................................................... 33 4.1.2 Jump Data Collection ............................................................................... 37 4.2 SPEED MODEL.................................................................................................... 37 4.2.1 Geometrical Jump Design Model ............................................................. 38 4.2.2 Terrain Park Speed Model (w/o pop) ....................................................... 39 4.2.3 Revised Terrain Park Speed Model (w/pop)............................................. 40 4.3 QUESTIONNAIRES AND SURVEYS ....................................................................... 44 5 INVESTIGATION & ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 45 5.1 FIELD RESEARCH ............................................................................................... 45 5.1.1 Jump Angles.............................................................................................. 46 5.1.2 Landing Hill Angles .................................................................................. 47 5.1.3 Speed Measurements................................................................................. 48 5.2 SPEED MODEL.................................................................................................... 48 5.2.1 Model Results............................................................................................ 48 iv Project Number: CAB-001 5.2.2 Graphical Analysis of Model .................................................................... 50 5.3 QUESTIONNAIRES & SURVEYS ........................................................................... 52 6 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 54 6.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS...................................................................................... 54 6.2 SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS & OBSTACLES............................................................ 55 6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ................................................. 56 7 APPEDIX................................................................................................................. 58 1. FIS JUMPING HILL STANDARDS ................................................................................. 58 2. USSA FREESTYLE INVERTED AERIAL SPECIFICATIONS ............................................. 61 3. USSA SLOPESTYLE & BIG AIR SPECIFICATIONS........................................................ 62 4. TERRAIN PARK SIGNAGE............................................................................................ 63 5. GEOMETRIC JUMP DESIGN MODEL............................................................................. 64 6. FIELD JUMP LANDING HILL & JUMP SPEC DATA........................................................ 65 7. FIELD TEST JUMP ANGLE DATA................................................................................. 66 8. RECORDED JUMP SPEEDS ........................................................................................... 66 9. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/O POP 0% LANDING HILL................................................... 67 10. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/O POP 25% LANDING HILL ............................................. 67 11. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/O POP 50% LANDING HILL............................................... 68 12. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/O POP 75% LANDING HILL............................................... 68 13. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/O POP 100% LANDING HILL............................................. 69 14. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/AVERAGE POP 0% LANDING HILL.................................... 69 15. BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2 W/AVERAGE POP 100% LANDING HILL................................ 70 16. MOUNTAIN MANAGER SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................... 70 17. TERRAIN PARK MANAGER QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................ 70 18. COMPETITOR QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................. 70 19. PREDICTED VELOCITY BRECKENRIDGE JUMP 2.................................................. 71 20. PREDICTED VELOCITY COPPER MOUNTAIN JUMP .................................................... 72 8 REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 73 v Project Number: CAB-001 List of Equations Equation 2-1: Velocity Component Equation................................................................... 15 Equation 2-2: X-Component Position Equation ..............................................................