Initial Environmental Examination September 2014 Cambodia: Provincial Roads Improvement Project Prepared by the Ministry of Rural Development for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in September 2011 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/documents/rural-roads-improvement-project. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As at September 2014) Currency Unit – Riel $ 1.00 = RI 4,200 NOTES The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Kingdom of Cambodia ends in December In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ABBREVIATIONS AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic ADB Asian Development Bank APL Angkor Protected Landscape APSARA Authority for Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap BOD biological oxygen demand DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DOE Department of Environment EA Executing Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan GoC Government of Cambodia FS Feasibility Study GPS global positioning system GRM grievance redress mechanism HIV/AIDS human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome IEE Initial Environmental Examination MAG Mines Advisory Group MCFA Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MOE Ministry of Environment MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRD Ministry of Rural Development MT motorized transport NR National Road NTFP non-timber forest products PDPWT Provincial Department of Public Works and Transport PDRD Provincial Department of Rural Development PPTA Project Preparation TA RCVIS Road Crash & Victim Information System REA Rapid Environmental Assessment Rl Riel ROW right of way RP Resettlement Plan SBST Single Bituminous Surface Treatment SEIA Summary Environmental Impact Assessment SEO Social and Environmental Unit (in MRD) SPS ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) TA technical assistance TSP Total Suspended Particulates TSBR Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization US$ United States Dollar UXO Unexploded Ordnance WB World Bank 3 CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 13 A. Policy Framework 13 B. Legal Framework 13 1. Laws on Environment 13 2. Laws on Historical Monuments 13 3. Laws on Nature Reserves 13 4. Laws on Wildlife 14 5. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection 14 C. Administrative Framework 15 1. Protected Areas 15 2. Important Bird Area 16 3. Cambodian IEE Requirements 17 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 20 A. The Project Overview 20 B. Road Design and Realignments 24 C. Project Environmental Classification 25 D. Current Conditions of Project Roads 25 1. National Road NR 13 25 2. Road 314D 25 3. CBF 25 4. Road 150B 26 5. Road NR53 and 151B 26 6. Condition Survey 26 IV. WATER CAPTURE PROJECTS 27 A. Rainwater Capture 27 B. Chiprong Dam, Tuek Phos District, Kampong Chhnang Province 27 1. Background 27 2. Links with Ministry of Water Resources 27 3. Location Chiprong Dam 27 4. Construction Works 31 5. Budget 32 6. Objectives 33 C. Water Capture Khset Lake, Kampong Chhnang Province 33 1. Background 33 2. Location 33 3. Construction Works for Dredging of Lake Khset 34 4. Budget 35 5. Objectives 35 D. Kampong Leaeng Water Capture 35 1. Background 35 2. Location 36 3. Construction Works Po Ta Norn Dike 37 4. Construction Works Preach Dike 41 5. Construction Works Badanh Dike 45 6. Objectives 45 E. Water Supply Kampong Leaeng 46 1. Background 46 2. Design Kampong Leaeng Water Supply 46 3. Objectives 53 F. Emergency Response Management Centre, Kampong Leaeng 53 V. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 54 A. Physical Resources 54 1. Geography 54 4 2. Climate 54 3. Rainfall 54 4. Temperatures 54 5. Topography. 54 6. Air Quality and Noise 54 7. Surface Water 55 8. Flooding 55 9. Soil T ypes 55 10. Minerals 55 B. Localised Climate Change 56 1. Climate Assessment of Kampong Leaeng 56 2. General climate parameters 56 3. Projected Temperature change 56 4. Droughts 57 5. Projected Rainfall change 57 6. Changes in extreme rainfall indicators 57 7. Impacts of Climate Change 58 C. Ecological Resources 58 1. Flora 58 2. Fauna 59 3. Fishery 59 4. Ecologically Protected Areas 59 D. Economics 63 E. Socio-economic Profile 64 F. Poverty 65 G. Gender 66 VI. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 67 A. Impacts of Roads on Protected Areas due to Location 67 1. National road NR 13 67 2. Road 314D and CBF 67 3. Road 150B 67 4. Road NR53 68 5. Road 151B 74 B. Impacts of Climate Change Sub Projects 75 1. Chiprong Dam, Tuek Phos 75 2. Deepening of Lake Khset 75 3. Water Retention Dikes in Kampong Leaeng 75 4. Water Supply and Distribution in Kampong Leaeng 75 5. Emergency Response Management Centre. 77 6. All Civil Works Packages 77 C. Potential Impacts Pre-construction Phase 77 1. Unexploded Ordnance 77 2. Climate Change and Hydrological Impacts 78 D. Potential Impacts Due to Construction Works 79 1. Potential Impacts from Operating Outside Agreed Areas 79 2. Borrow Areas 79 3. Rock Extraction 79 4. Fabrication Sites 79 5. Transport of Construction Materials 79 6. Fuel and Oils 79 7. Bitumen Use for Asphalt 79 8. Noise and Vibration 79 9. Dust 79 10. Construction Waste Materials 79 11. Erosion and Sedimentation 80 12. Damage to Services 80 13. Road Diversions 80 14. Forest and Roadside Trees 80 15. Discovery of Relics 80 5 16. Accidents and Injuries 80 E. Potential Impacts Due to Workers Camps 80 1. Location of Camps and Works 80 2. Camp Amenities for Fixed Teams 80 3. Construction Camps for Mobile Teams 80 4. Stagnant Water Areas 80 5. Health and Safety 81 6. Social Issues - STIs 81 7. Cleanup of the Construction Site 81 F. Potential Impacts Due to Operation 81 1. Road Accidents 81 2. Community Based Road Safety Program 81 3. Noise 82 4. Air Pollution 82 5. Toxic Spills 82 6. Illegal Settlement 82 7. Loss of Forests 82 8. Loss of Wildlife 83 9. Positive Operational Impacts - Social Enhancement 83 G. Mitigation of Impacts Due to Location 83 1. Avoidance of Impacts outside Agreed Areas 83 2. Ancient Bridges and Temple 83 3. Religious Edifices 83 H. Mitigation of Impacts Due to Construction Works 83 1. Intrusion into Protected Areas 83 2. Borrow Areas 83 3. Quarry and Borrow Sites Operation 83 4. Rock Extraction 84 5. Fabrication Sites 85 6. Transport of Construction Materials 85 7. Fuel Storage and Vehicle Maintenance 85 8. Waste Oil 85 9. Bitumen Use for Asphalt 86 10. Noise Impacts 86 11. Dust Impacts 86 12. Construction Waste Materials 87 13. Erosion and Sedimentation 87 14. Damage to Services 88 15. Road Diversions 88 16. Forest and Roadside Trees 88 17. Discovery of Relics 88 18. Accidents and Injuries 88 19. Dislocation of People 88 I. Mitigation of Impacts Due to Workers Camps 88 1. Camp Amenities for Fixed Teams 88 2. Drinking Water 88 3. Sanitation 88 4. Food Preparation 89 5. Camp Fuel Needs 89 6. Washwater 89 7. Solid Waste Disposal 89 8. Mobile Teams 89 9. Stagnant Water Areas 89 10. Health and Safety 90 11. Social Issues - STIs 90 12. Cleanup of the Construction Site 90 J. Mitigation of Impacts Due to Operation 90 1. Alignments 90 2. Embankments 90 3. Noise 90 6 4. Air Pollution 90 5. Religious Edifices 90 6. Road Accidents 90 7. Toxic Spills 90 8. Illegal Settlement 91 9. Loss of Forests 91 10. Loss of Roadside Trees 91 11. Loss of Wildlife 98 12. Positive Operational Impacts - Social Enhancement 98 13. Consultations and Liaison 98 K. Climate Change 98 1. Adaptation Strategy 98 2. Impacts of Water Capture Projects 100 L. Land Acquisition and Resettlement 100 1. PR314D and NR13 101 2. PR150B, NR53, and PR151B 101 3. Measures to Minimize Impacts and Resettlement 102 4. Resettlement and Compensation Costs 102 M. Social and Labor Impacts 103 N. Poverty Impacts 104 O. Gender Issues 104 P. Indigenous Peoples 104 VII. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 105 VIII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 105 A. General Public Consultation on Environmental Issues 105 B. Perception towards the Project NR13, 314D and CBF 105 C. Perception about the Project PR150B, NR53, andPR151B 105 D. Public Consultation on Water Capture Projects 106 IX. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 107 A. Grievance Redress 107 X. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 109 A. Environmental Management Plan 109 B. Contractors Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) 109 C. Guidance on Environmental Issues 109 D. Social and Environment Office (SEO) 109 1. Social and Environmental Office 109 2. Organisation of Social and Environmental Division (now SEO/ ESO) 110 3. Duties of SEO Environmental Staff 110 E. EMMP 111 1. Environmental Monitoring 111 2. Measurements 111 3. Timing of Monitoring 112 4. Review Procedures 114 5. Staffing for Monitoring 114 6. Response to Complaints 114 7. Costs for EMP 116 8. Table of Environmental Management Plan 116 XI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 128 XII. ANNEX 1 CONDITION SURVEYS 131 A. Condition Survey Road NR13 131 B. Condition Survey Road 314D and CBF 134 C. Condition Survey Section 150B 136 D. Condition Survey Section NR53 and 151B 138 E. Condition Survey Section 151B 139 7 XIII. ANNEX 2 SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS KHET LAKE 140 XIV.