Country profile: Somali Regions Research and knowledge systems in Hjhj Somalia and Somaliland An analysis prepared for INASP by Faduma Abukar Mursal, Abdullahi Odowa and Jason Mosley Contents jjk Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Authors .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Political analysis – Jason Mosley ............................................................................................................ 3 Somalia ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Research, knowledge and education-based systems in Somalia – Faduma Abukar Mursal ................. 6 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Research and knowledge systems in Somalia ................................................................................ 6 2.1 Research centres and focus areas ............................................................................................ 6 2.2 Research and the role of donor institutions in Somalia ............................................................. 9 2.3 Research dynamics and politics ................................................................................................ 9 3. Access to research information ....................................................................................................... 9 4. Information communication technology infrastructure ................................................................... 10 5. Research, communication and publication.................................................................................... 10 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 10 References ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Research, Knowledge and Education based-systems in Somaliland – Abdullahi Odowa ................... 12 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Research and knowledge systems in Somaliland ......................................................................... 12 2.1 Research centres ..................................................................................................................... 12 Universities .................................................................................................................................... 12 Other educational and research institutes ..................................................................................... 14 3. Access to research information ..................................................................................................... 15 4. IT infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 15 Somali Research and Education Network (SomaliREN) ............................................................... 16 5. Research communication and publications ................................................................................... 16 6. How research is used in policy or practice .................................................................................... 17 7. Gender considerations .................................................................................................................. 17 8. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 17 Annex 1: OCVP High-quality Research Support (HQRS) Programme ................................................. 19 Programme objectives ....................................................................................................................... 19 Contents ............................................................................................................................................ 19 1 Country profile: Somali Regions Preface INASP is continually exploring options for further work and new projects. As part of these exploratory measures, several in-depth country profiles have been commissioned to bring insight into research and Hjhj knowledge systems in various countries. In this document, we look at the Somali regions; the background, the research landscape, higher education system and extent of use of research in policymaking. We also include a section on political analysis by Jason Mosley. In the interests of openness and sharing, INASP makes these reports available online for use by peer organizations and other interested parties. Views are the authors’ own. Authors jjk Faduma Abukar Mursal is a PhD Candidate at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle (Saale), Germany, where she works on state formation, politics and science and technology studies. Abdullahi Odowa is General-Director of the Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention. He also teaches graduate courses on Social Research and Environment, Peace and Development at Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies of University of Hargeisa. Jason Mosley has been a Research Associate of the African Studies Centre since 2012. He is also the Managing Editor of the Journal of Eastern African Studies and an Associate Fellow of the Africa Programme at Chatham House. 2 Country profile: Somali Regions Political analysis – Jason Mosley Hjhj For the international community, engagement with Somalia has long been complicated by the range of political projects which have arisen in different parts of the former Somali Republic since 1991. This has become particularly acute since 2011, when the international community’s engagement with the Transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu (established in 2004 at a conference in Kenya) was significantly intensified, leading to the end of the transitional period and the creation of the Federal Government of Somalia, mandated under the framework of a Provisional Constitution in mid-2012. The Federal Government in Mogadishu has subsequently been recognized by many of Somalia’s main donors and key states influential in the country’s security environment. As such, the status of jjk different administrations in the territory of the former Somali Republic has come into sharper focus, particularly in terms of defining their relationships with the Federal Government in Mogadishu. This situation is particularly acute for the government of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, which declared its independence in 1991, and does not recognize Mogadishu’s authority over its territory (the area of the British colonial Somaliland Protectorate). The Somaliland government in Hargeisa is not engaged with the federal process in Mogadishu. As donors are increasingly framing their programmes within the context of federal Somalia, and with no countries having recognized Somaliland’s sovereignty, this has heightened concerns in Hargeisa over the future of its relations with donors. Nevertheless, donors do continue to engage with the Somaliland government. However, for the purposes of this study, including this political contextualization, Somaliland and Somalia will be covered separately. Other significant sub-regional dynamics will be considered in the Somalia section, insofar as none of the sub-national administrations outside Somaliland aspire to sovereignty. In both cases, 2016 will prove a significant year, with important electoral transitions scheduled, amid tensions and potentially highly controversial, delays. Somalia Politics in Mogadishu and the emerging federal units are currently centred on the political transition scheduled for August 2016. When the parliamentary and presidential (s)elections took place in 2012, a range of ambitious targets were set before the expiry of their mandates in 2016. These included review and finalization of the provisional constitution, which would then be put out for approval in a national referendum. Constituencies in Somalia’s regions needed to come together to agree new federal member states, each with their own constitution and administration. These administrations require parliamentary approval, and a mechanism to be agreed whereby the federal government and member state administrations can discuss and agree policy on the mechanics of federal governance. Member states are also needed for the election of an upper house of Parliament. In addition to these challenges, the Parliament needed to oversee the establishment of important commissions (including one for elections, and one to endorse member state boundaries), and legislation to establish political parties – in order to pave the way for the referendum and what were intended to be direct elections in 2016. However, the past three years have not seen sustained progress towards these goals. Rather, infighting and corruption have undermined the performance of the federal institutions, while competition between the interests of the federal government in Mogadishu and the elites playing leading roles in the politics of member state formation in the regions