Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII (2006) 1982.pdf GEP-ExoMars: a Geophysics and Environment observatory on Mars : Philippe Lognonné1, Tilman Spohn2, David Mimoun1,*, Stephan Ulamec3, Jens Biele3, the ML2SP team and the Aurora Environment team 1IPGP, St. Maur des Fossés, France 2DLR, Institute for Planetary Research, D-12489 Berlin, Germany 3DLR, Institute for Space Simulation, D-51170 Köln, Germany , *E-mail: [email protected] Mass / average Network Instrument Heritage Description Comments kg power, W science Scientific objective: Seismic suite: 2 VBB oblique seismometers Needs soil contact, plus one Short period horizontal MEMS wind and sun SEIS Netlander (Phase B) 1,615 0,28 (Micro-Electro Mechanical System) sensor x protection and The goal of the Long-Lived Geoscience Observatory completing the trihedron. Target sensitivity < decoupling from Meteo suite: wind, temperature, pressure, partly to be replaced humidity, OD, UV spectra, dust impact. by similar Pasteur ATM Beagle-2 (flown) 0,685 0,095 x on Mars, GEP (Geophysics Package) is to initiate the Modes: low/nominal/campaign/dust devil instruments, see rates below Atmospheric electricity probe to measure setup of a permanent network of fixed stations on the electric conductivity, quasi DC electric field AEP Netlander (Phase B) 0,147 0,105 CORE (up to 300 V/m), ELF/VLF radio-electric x emissions (10 Hz to 4 kHz) planet, with the objective to operate for several years. Heat flow and physical properties package. Deployed by a mole up to 5 m deep in Martian regolith: TEM, a thermal These stations will monitor with high resolution the HP3 Beagle-2 (flown) 1,195 0,003 measurement suite (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal gradient [heat flux]); DACTIL, a set of accelerometers (orientation, seismic activity and the rotation of the planet, the depth, so Tri-axial vector magnetic field sensor Champ, Astrid-2 satellites including t and attitude sensors. Range +/- MAG 0,255 0,03 "MSMO" magnetic field and its variations. It will measure the (flown) 1E4 nT, resol. 0.02 nT, offset accuracy <0.1 x nT and <30 ppm, noise 12 pT (0.01 to 10 Hz) heat flux and monitor and study the environmental Mono resp. bi-static ground-penetrating radar, 2 to 6 Mhz. Seach for water reservoirs, either Netlander NEIGE (Phase GPR 0,395 0,142 in the form of ground ice or liquid water; "EISS" B) conditions (meteorology and atmospheric electric morphology and structure of the underground. In the bi-static version, a GPR2 on the rover Geodesy (high precision nutation, polar FULL motion, LOD, ionospheric properties) with S/X- Radio Science TRL2 0,500 0,2 fields) and subsurface (ice/water table, subsurface po- band transponder by measuring doppler x shifts. Two frequencies allow elimination of Short period seismometer, complement to SEIS-SP Netlander (Phase B) 0,064 0,14 rosity and volatiles). By providing new geophysical SEIS: 2 more SP MEMS sensors x Humidity microsensor, coulometric (Keidel) Alternative for HUM 0,006 0,02 cell ; Mixing ratio 1e-7 .. 1E-3 with 5% x humidity sensor on models of Mars interior as well as the actual geologic accuracy absolute Meteo suite selected PASTEUR instruments to be included in GEP dust flux, physical properties and size activity of the surface (heat flow, seismic activity), distribution of particles as well as water MEDUSA GIADA (Rosetta) 1,015 0,065 vapour detection. 5 stages cascade impactor with optical and piezoelectric detectors and GEP will provide a major step in our understanding of micro-balance. Ionising Radiation Sensor; several segmented planar silicon PIN-detectors Influence of RHU the geological evolution of the planet and the habitabil- IRAS ISS 0,500 0,1 around segmented organic scintillator neutron radiation to (BC430) in telescope configuration. Neutron be assessed and gamma count and dose rates, LET may be used for ity conditions during the first billion years. In addition, Spectro: 200-720 nm, resolution 2 nm. Sun transit timing of UV-VIS spectro + Beagle-2 0,305 0,081 sensor: continuous UV/VIS monitoring Phobos and sun sensor x (photodiode) possibly Deimos GEP will monitor the present Martian climate and me- shadows in Meteo boom Netlander (Phase B) 0,410 to Meteo suite teorology, will provide a unique data set on potential TOTALS 7 1,261 all data without margins hazards for future human exploration missions (radia- Power concept tion, atmospheric electricity, dust storms) and will per- Although the mean power consumption of GEP is of form high resolution characterization of the Martian the order of 4 W, a solar generator is not feasible under surface. the given constraints ( 45° latitude, all seasons includ- ± Payload ing global dust storms, > 6 a operational life). An RTG The payload is composed of the following instrument solution is foreseen with off-shelf heater elements from suite (All model payload characteristics are based on Russia and a highly efficient European thermoelectric state of the art in Europe) generator. A 40 Wh Li-Ion secondary battery is used to • Network/geophysical : Core payload is based on buffer peak power demands (mainly for telecommuni- network instruments with phase B+ maturity cations) • Geophysical : Full payload includes experiments working in conjunction with the Aurora Rover or Programmatics The GEP is cur- drilling system, or experiments needing some rently onboard lander elements or significant R&D activities the baseline • Environmental AURORA payload : ESA recom- EXOMARS 2011 mended the inclusion of the Pasteur environment mission of ESA’s suite (ATM and UV-VIS already listed in the AURORA pro- Network payload plus a Dust analyzer and Ionis- gram. Other op- ing Radiation Monitor) for a total of 1.9 kg of en- portunities might vironmental instruments, excluding the boom. be considered for the deployment System of GEP package, such as the 2016 AURORA mission, Two system options are considered depending on NASA 2011 SCOUT and possibly all other NASA deployment: a 'Semihard' option that can be deployed mission later than 2011. The GEP stations are a unique before landing, and a 'Soft' option (same load as the contribution to the International Mars exploration in lander). For ExoMairs, 'Soft' option is currently fa- the next decade and will complement the Pasteur- voured. EXOMARS and MSL payloads, more focused on exo- biology, surface mineralogy and atmosphere composi- tion. (Figure: credits Alcatel Alenia Space) .