THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES CLIMATE - SMART AGRICULTURE GUIDELINE May, 2017 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................... vi Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture .................................................................................................................2 1.2 Agriculture Impacts on Climate Change .................................................................................................................2 1.3 Adaptation and Mitigation in Agriculture ................................................................................................................4 1.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture ..........................................................................................................................................5 1.4.1 Gender, Youth and Climate-Smart Agriculture ............................................................................................5 1.5 Policy and Legal Context .............................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2: CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL RISKS IN TANZANIA ........................................... 8 2.1 Variability in precipitation and future projections ................................................................................................9 2.2 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Extreme events .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Shifting of Agro Ecological Zones ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Crop production ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.6 Livestock production and aquaculture ................................................................................................................ 13 2.7 Biophysical drivers of vulnerability ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.7.1 Infrastructure .................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.7.2 Water resources ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2.7.3 Soil erosion and land degradation ............................................................................................................... 14 2.7.4 Pests and Diseases .......................................................................................................................................... 14 2.8 Socio-economic drivers of vulnerability ............................................................................................................... 15 2.8.1 Population .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 &RQȵLFWV .............................................................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................16 3.1 Rationale and History of the Guideline ................................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Objectives of the Guidelines ................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Target Audience and Uses of the Guideline ....................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.1 Task Team Formation and Tasks Undertaken........................................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Inception Workshop ........................................................................................................................................ 18 3.4.3 Baseline Survey ................................................................................................................................................. 19 3.4.4 Compilation of the CSA Guideline ................................................................................................................ 21 3.4.5 Stakeholders Workshop and Validation ..................................................................................................... 22 3.4.6 Limitations .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 4: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES, CSA PRACTICES AND TECHNOLOGIES ...23 4.1 Climate Change Impacts and Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies ....................................................................... 24 4.1.1 Perceptions ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 4.1.2 Adaptation Strategies ...................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2 CSA Practices and Technologies ............................................................................................................................ 25 4.2.1 Crop Subsector Practices and Technologies ............................................................................................. 25 4.2.2 Livestock Subsector Practices and technologies ...................................................................................... 35 iii 4.2.3 Fishing and Aquaculture Enterprises .......................................................................................................... 37 4.2.4 Other Practices and Technologies ............................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 5: ROLES AND APPROACHES FOR CSA IMPLEMENTATION AND UP-SCALING .................... 56 5.1 Roles.............................................................................................................................................................................. 57 5.1.1 Government ....................................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1.2 NGOs, and Development and Research Partners ................................................................................... 58 5.1.3 Private Sector .................................................................................................................................................... 58 5.1.4 Farmers ...............................................................................................................................................................58 5.1.5 Media ...................................................................................................................................................................59 5.2 Approaches ................................................................................................................................................................. 59 5.2.1 Gender Responsive Approach ...................................................................................................................... 59 5.2.2 Community Based Approach ........................................................................................................................ 59 5.2.3 Farmer-centred Research, Learning and Training Approach ................................................................ 60 5.2.4 Landscapes and Ecosystems Services Approach ..................................................................................... 60 5.2.5 Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) ....................................................................................................... 61 5.2.6 Innovation Platforms ....................................................................................................................................... 61 5.2.7 Information and Knowledge Generation and Sharing Approach ......................................................... 61 5.2.8 Coordination Forum Approach ....................................................................................................................