New developments of IMTA in Europe: focusing on seaweed ABREU MH1 * , BOUVET A2 BRUHN A3 , CHAMPENOIS J 2 , HOLDT SL4 , HUGHES AD5 , MALTA E-J6 , PEREIRA R 1 , REBOURS C7 , SCHIPPER J8 , SOLER-VILA A9 Overview I. First IMTA ini-aves II. European Aquaculture Sector Portugal Norway III. Current drivers IV. Main bo=lenecks France Ireland V. R&D projects VI. Pilot-scale and commercial scale ac-vi-es Denmark Holland UK Spain FED SPECIES INORGANIC ORGANIC DISSOLVED MATTER NUTRIENTS FIRST IMTA APPROACHES q2001-2003: SEAPURA - “Species diversificaon and improvement of aquac produc-on of seaweeds purifying effluents from fish and other waste sources” • Falkenbergia rufolanosa, Palmaria palmata, Ulva spp., Hydropuntea cornea, Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Chondrus crispus • Reduce environmental impact, bacterial infecons and evaluate poten-al of IMTA seaweed as fish-feed and cosmec ingredients. h=p://www.cbm.ulpgc.es/seapura/ & Aquaculture 252 (2006) Yields Tank volume & Experimental Biomass [g(dw) Culvaon Species in culture NUE (%)f NRG Refs renewal rates period qualityd m-2 factorsh day-1] Ulva rotundata & 1900L 2 ms NW; T ; L ; NW ; 48 TAN: 60 Mata e Santos, 2003 Sparus aurata 0.6 vol h-1 May & Sept NT DC 1 ms Chondrus crispus & 1500L 8.4 & TAN: 14 T; DO; pH; May & NW Matos et al. 2006 MEa 0.1 vol h-1 36.6 & 41 DC;WF; NW Jul Gracilaria 1500L 1 ms 31.2 & TAN: 33 T; DO; pH; vermiculophylla & AB1; FF2 NW Matos et al. 2006 0.1 vol h-1 Jul & Oct 7.3 & 75 DC; WF;NW ME Palmaria palmata * 300L 1 ms T; DO; pH; 40.0 TAN: 41 NW Matos et al. 2006 & ME 0.5 vol h-1 May DC; WF;NW Asparagopsis armata 110L 9 ms Eo; TAN: NW;N T; L; DC; PO4 ; Schuenhoff et al. 63.7 & Sparus aurata 2 vol h-1 Oct-Jul MAAs3 85*1 T C5 2006 71-125 Ulva rigida + A. 110L 1 wk (A.a) NW; armata & Sparus WF;T; pH; L Mata et al. 2010 3.8 - 4.1 vol h-1 Dec & May 44- 73 NT aurata (U.r) Gracilaria Eq; Ag6; TAN: 83 T; L; DO; pH; 1200L 9 ms NW; vermiculophylla & MAAs; 23.3 NO -: 17 NW; NT; DC; Abreu et al. 2011 0.2 vol h-1 Nov-Aug 3 NT 7 3- ME FF PO4 : 70 WF; S; PO Mastocarpus 1200L 2 ms TAN: 45 -1 Eo 29.6 - NW T; NW; DC Domingues 2010 stellatus & ME 0.2 vol h May-Jun NO3 : 7 Eo=Epiphyte observaon; Eq= Epiphyte quan-ficaon; AB= An--bacterial ac-vity; FF= fish feed; Ag= agar yield and quality; MAAs= mycosporine-like aminoacids q2004 – 2006. Biopuralg: Reducing the environmental impact of land-based aquaculture through cul-vaon of seaweed. • Ireland, Norway • Rainbow Trout, Porphyra dioica and Ulva lactuca (Hannify & Kraan, 2006). Ulva collected from the tank system. A darker green color indicates a higher protein level. Seaweed Biofilter system at Carna Laboratories. Tanks were stocked with field collected Porphyra or Ulva at a density of 0.5 kg m-3 h=p://www.thefishsite.cn/ar-cles/contents/BIOPURALG%20Final%20Report.pdf q 2003 - REDWEED: Reducing the environmental impact of sea cage fish farming through the cul-vaon of seaweeds • 2006 - Sanderson, J. C. (2006). Reducing the Environmental Impact of Fish Farming Through the CulDvaDon of Seaweed. PhD Thesis, Open Univ. Sanderson et al. (2008), Aqua 278: 60-68 q MERMAIDS: Salmon, oysters and seaweed • Rodger A. 2010. Sea-based Integrated Mul-trophic Aquaculture: an inves-gaon of a fish, bivalve, macroalgae co-culture system. • SAMS & University of Aberdeen. q 2008 - Rasmus Bjerregaard, Seaweed Seed Supply (former, Bluefood and Marifood A/S) • Saccharina laDssima (from spores) and blue mussels • 3 locaons in Denmark (Knebel Vig, Hou, Limorden) • Longlines with droppers. Commercial size. Photographer: Per Eide Studio www.pescanova.com MATERAQUA 1.3 million tonnes 20.3% of the total volume of EU fisheries production Growth is stagnant – World increasing at 6.6% EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SECTOR Main fish species Shellfish & crustaceans Atlan-c salmon Blue mussel Rainbow trout Oysters Sea-bream Seabass Clams Sole Turbot Aquaculture sector Seaweed Undaria pinnafida Alaria esculenta 82 tons Saccharina laDssima 0.1% of total EU producOon Asparagopsis armata? Chondrus crispus ? Expected to GROW!! IMTA CURRENT DRIVERS ØNeed for higher producOon levels in animal aquaculture ØAquaculture crop diversificaOon ØOrganic aquaculture implementaon oEC COM 710(2009) ØIncreasing environmental awareness by consumers and fish farmers o Environmental concerns on impacts of nutrient emissions o Sanderson 2008; Husa et al. 2010 o Also from agriculture runoffs o Market differen-al by increasing environmental creden-als ØDemand for seaweed biomass oSea vegetables & ingredient, feed, energy, bio-materials www.seaweedenergysolu-ons.com oHarvest is not enough or sustainable (for some species) o Review & guidelines oIMTA condi-ons: oHigher yields Right formula? oBiomass traits The EC strategies Ø“..the EU aquaculture industry of the future should be at the forefront of sustainable development. The appropriate measures must be put into place to ensure that our industry can take a lead role in the "blue revoluon..” CommunicaDon from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - Building a sustainable future for aquaculture - A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture {SEC(2009) 453} {SEC(2009) 454} /* COM/2009/0162 final */ Ø “…Member States need to be aware of ways of increasing produc-on that are sustainable and that meet the concerns of other users of coastal or sea space – for example, by building cages along with offshore windfarms or by inteGrated mul-trophic aquaculture. Such measures will be supported financially by the proposed European Mari-me and Fisheries Fund…” COM/2012/494 BOTTLENECKS New species!! • Biological and technological challenges (growing and processing) • Fish farmers farm fish…… • Addi-ons must not impact on core fin-fish business Regulatory constraints • Norway, Portugal, France, Ireland, Denmark • Access to concessions • How far from the fish cage? • Too much -me wai-ng for licenses….too general, too specific? Commercializaon • No legal frames for IMTA products • Uncertainty on consumer behaviour – seaweed “fed” with fish wastes?! • New and valuable markets needed! A site may not fit all! • Profound knowledge of hydrodynamic, bathymetric condions Conflicts of space usage between stakeholders • Boang, fishing Pollu-on and Aesthe-c concerns • Misinformaon on aquaculture • Tourists… Logis-cal • Lack of macroalgae seed R&D SYSTEMS IN PLACE January April June Mission: Provide high quality seaweed juveniles WWW.HORTIMARE.COM qEXPLOIT • SINTEF, NTNU, HI, Bellona • Integrang cul-vaon of mussels and seaweed with tradi-onal salmon aquaculture • 2012-2014 qKelp growth in off-shore IMTA condions • Bioforsk and Ace Aquaculture www.sintef.no www.aceaquaculture.com www.bioforsk.no System in place…soon! Oldervika fish farm (and related facilities) Salmon + S. laDssima qHjarnoe Havbrug, rainbow trout, blue mussels and S. laDssima • Mussels: Smaryarm systems • Seaweed: longlines with droppers qBisserup Havbrug, S. laDssima, Fucus vesiculosus and rainbow trout • IMTA since 2011/2012 • Organic seaweed for food. Droppers from lines (pilot size) hhp://www.havbruG.dk/en/ hhp://www.bisserupfisk.dk/ hp://www.smararm.no/mussel-seed- mussels-seaweed/intro-system-benefits?lanG=en qDanish Shellfish Centre: Blue mussels, S. laDssima, L. digitata, P. palmata • Line mussel systems inspired from Canada. Seaweed on mussel lines with loops instead of droppers (fig 1). • 18 hectares of mussels (300 T annual basis) • Seaweed pilot size (4 ha). h=p://www.skaldyrcenter.dk/welcome-to-the-danish-shellfish-center/ qKOMBI • Total budget: 8.9 M DKR (1.56 M USD). • Nutrient removal to allow increase in fish produc-on • Commercial value of triple crops (fish, mussel, seaweed) • Biodiversity effect of mussels/seaweed systems • Quality and value of biomass for fish feed • Strain op-mizaon – breeding and protoplast technolog • Op-mizaon of biofilter efficacy and products hhp://kombi.web07.dk/da/ qCo-cul-vaon of seaweed and shellfish (Bri=any) • Several operators • Porphyra, Ulva q6 ha dedicated to seaweed awai-ng permits for IMTA system (Bri=any) • Land-based and/or off-shore • Several seaweed species • Undaria pinnafida • Saccharina laDssima qCo-cul-vaon of shellfish/seaweed in the inter-dal area: • Objec-ve is the diversificaon of the produc-on in the context of oyster mortality crisis. Porphyra and Ulva species. • CHACO • Normand’AlG • Also on Mediterranean lagoons (e.g. Étang de Thau) q UMR – Intrepid (CIRAD & IFREMER) • Intensify aquaculture and manage envionmental impacts, consumer demands and space usage conflicts qIFREMER - Palavas les flots (Medit.): • Work on cul-vaon of sea bass with microalgae and macroalgae, in land-based pond with water recycling. • Genesis program : seabass and seabream + microalgae + shellfish hp://www.ceva.fr ; hp://www.umr-intrepid.cirad.fr qLand- based system in a Senegalese sole farm, CIIMAR, Porto • Eighteen 1200 Lt tanks • Research with several species: • Currently focused on Saccharina la[ssima • (Sweedtech and Sweedstar projects with SES) www.ciimar.up.pt qLand- based system: ALGAplus & MATERAQUA • Commercial/R&D • Seabream and seabass • Several seaweed species: • Food • Other products in development • Earthen-ponds • PE tanks www.algaplus.pt qBENEFITS – Benefits of seaweed producon in IMTA systems • 2009-2012 • IMTA system at CIIMAR (land-based) • Several seaweed species • Poten-al as Rainbow trout and Tilapia feed ingredients qCARRAGEENAN - Unraveling the interplay between the microstructure and the mechanical proper-es in kappa/ iota-hybrid carrageenan gels • 2010 – 2013 • IMTA system at CIIMAR (land-based) qAutonomous government of Galicia & University of Coruña • Sole and seaweed (land-based) • Blackspot seabream and sole, shellfish and seaweed (@ sea) qULPGC (Canarias, Spain) • Tank system with (herbivorous) fish, holothurians and algae • IMTA seaweed used to feed the abalone (HalioDs tuberculata) in culture (open sea) qIFAPA Agua del Pino, Cartaya (Huelva • Experimental system with fish/mussels and star-ng up caprellid systems Ulva spp., Hydropuna cornea, Saccharina lassima, Codium spp., Gracilariopsis longissima, Gracilaria vermiculophylla q JACUMAR: Development of Integrated Aquaculture systems • 2007 – 2011.