Scrap Tires: Handbook on Recycling Applications and Management for the U.S. and Mexico December 2010 Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Mail Code: 5304P Washington DC 20460 www.epa.gov/waste EPA530-R-10-010 DISCLAIMER This document has undergone USEPA and external review by subject matter experts. All web links provided in this document were accurate and valid at the time of publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Several web links provided in this document are not contained in domains created or maintained by USEPA. These links simply provide access to additional information in accordance with the intended purpose of this document. The USEPA cannot attest to the accuracy of information or the privacy protection provided by any external web site. Providing links to external web sites does not constitute an endorsement by USEPA of the site sponsors or the information or products presented on the sites. Scrap Tires: Scrap TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ ii Acronyms........................................................................................................................................................ iii Management for the U.S. and Mexico the U.S. for Management and Handbook on Recycling Applications Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Background on U.S. - Mexico Border Region ............................................................................................................................................1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Chapter 2 Scrap Tire Management Program Characteristics ...................................................................... 3 U.S. State Involvement ......................................................................................................................................................................................3 Abatement Planning .........................................................................................................................................................................................7 Contractors ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Project Management ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 3 Ground Rubber ............................................................................................................................21 Major U.S. Ground Rubber Markets ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Athletic and Recreational Surfaces Market ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Molded and Extruded Products ................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Rubber Modified Asphalt .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Other Markets ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 References .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 4 Energy Utilization .......................................................................................................................35 Chemical Characteristics of Scrap Tires ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Cement Kilns ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Combined Energy/Materials Recovery: Pyrolysis/Gasification ....................................................................................................... 47 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50 References .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 i Chapter 5 Tire Derived Aggregate and Whole Tires for Civil Engineering Applications .........................51 TDA as Drainage Aggregate ........................................................................................................................................................................ 52 TDA as Lightweight Fill .................................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Whole Tires for Wall Construction .............................................................................................................................................................. 66 References .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 6 Transportation and Processing Economics ...............................................................................71 Collection and Transportation .................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Processing .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Economic Sensitivity ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80 Chapter 7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................81 Glossary .........................................................................................................................................................83 Appendix A TDA Material Specifications .................................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B Design Guidelines To Minimize Internal Heating of Tire Shred Fills .................................. A-3 Appendix C Engineering Properties of TDA ............................................................................................. A-5 Appendix D Calculation of Final In-Place Unit Weight and Overbuild ................................................. A-11 Appendix E Case Histories – Use of TDA as Lightweight Embankment Fill .......................................... A-15 Appendix F Comparative Transportation Cost Example ....................................................................... A-21 Appendix G Scrap Tire Processing Facility Economic Parameters ........................................................ A-23 Appendix H Comparative Volume Sensitivity Of Tire Processing Facilities ......................................... A-27 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Through the U.S.- Mexico Border 2012 program, USEPA designed this handbook in cooperation with SEMARNAT as a resource for developing scrap tire markets in the border region between Mexico and the United States— although the information is useful for any country. USEPA would like to specifically thank Mr. Terry Gray of T.A.G Resource Recovery and Dr. Dana Humphrey of the University of Maine as primary